Biochemical characterization of kappaM-RIIIJ, a Kv1.2 channel blocker: evaluation of cardioprotective effects of kappaM-conotoxins

Conus snail (Conus) venoms are a valuable source of pharmacologically active compounds; some of the peptide toxin families from the snail venoms are known to interact with potassium channels. We report the purification, synthesis, and characterization of kappaM-conotoxin RIIIJ from the venom of a fish-hunting species, Conus radiatus. This conopeptide, like a previously characterized peptide in the same family, kappaM-RIIIK, inhibits the homotetrameric human Kv1.2 channels. When tested in Xenopus oocytes, kappaM-RIIIJ has an order of magnitude higher affinity (IC(50) = 33 nm) to Kv1.2 than kappaM-RIIIK (IC(50) = 352 nm). Chimeras of RIIIK and RIIIJ tested on the human Kv1.2 channels revealed that Lys-9 from kappaM-RIIIJ is a determinant of its higher potency against hKv1.2. However, when compared in a model of ischemia/reperfusion, kappaM-RIIIK (100 mug/kg of body weight), administered just before reperfusion, significantly reduces the infarct size in rat hearts in vivo without influencing hemodynamics, providing a potential compound for cardioprotective therapeutics. In contrast, kappaM-RIIIJ does not exert any detectable cardioprotective effect. kappaM-RIIIJ shows more potency for Kv1.2-Kv1.5 and Kv1.2-Kv1.6 heterodimers than kappaM-RIIIK, whereas the affinity of kappaM-RIIIK to Kv1.2-Kv1.7 heterodimeric channels is higher (IC(50) = 680 nm) than that of kappaM-RIIIJ (IC(50) = 3.15 mum). Thus, the cardioprotection seems to correlate to antagonism to heteromultimeric channels, involving the Kv1.2 alpha-subunit rather than antagonism to Kv1.2 homotetramers. Furthermore, kappaM-RIIIK and kappaM-RIIIJ provide a valuable set of probes for understanding the underlying mechanism of cardioprotection.