[D-Asp3]-Microcystin-LR  (Synonyms: Microcystin A)

Microcystin-[D-Asp3]-LR/Microcystin A is a cyanotoxin. Microcystin-[D-Asp3]-LR/Microcystin A can activate Nrf2 and promote oxidative stress response. Microcystin-[D-Asp3]-LR/Microcystin A can also be used in toxicology research^[1][2].

Microcystin exhibits toxicity targeting to the intestine, liver, and kidney and reproductive system. Its molecular toxicology involves covalent binding to and inhibition of protein phosphatases, oxidative stress, cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis), and cytoskeleton disruption^[1].
Microcystin-[D-Asp3]-LR/Microcystin A ([D-Asp3]-LR Microcystin) (1 μM) significantly increases Nrf2 activity, thus indicating oxidative stress response induction^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

981.15

C₄₈H₇₂N₁₀O₁₂

120011-66-7

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

• [1]. Arman T, et al. Microcystin Toxicokinetics, Molecular Toxicology, and Pathophysiology in Preclinical Rodent Models and Humans. Toxins (Basel). 2021 Jul 29;13(8):537.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Lundqvist J, et al. Microcystins activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in human liver cells in vitro - Implications for an oxidative stress induction by microcystins. Toxicon. 2017 Feb;126:47-50.  [Content Brief]