expression

Resistance refers to the decrease in the effectiveness of drugs in treating diseases or symptoms. Due to the increasing global antibiotic resistance, it may threaten our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Drug resistance is also the main cause of chemotherapy failure in malignant tumors. In approximately 50% of cases, drug resistance exists even before chemotherapy begins. There are many mechanisms of anticancer drug resistance, including increased protein expression that leads to drug removal, mutations in drug binding sites, recovery of tumor protein production, and pre-existing genetic heterogeneity in tumor cell populations. In addition, the issue of drug resistance seems to have affected the development of new anticancer drugs. Drug resistance may be caused by various conditions, such as mutations, epigenetic modifications, and upregulation of drug efflux protein expression. Overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer treatment is becoming increasingly important.

MCE designs a unique collection of 325 anti-drug-resistant compounds. It is a good tool to be used for research on cancer and other diseases.

Epigenetics refers to changes in phenotype that are not rooted in DNA sequence. Many types of epigenetic processes have been identified, including DNA methylation, alteration in the structure of histone proteins and gene regulation by small noncoding microRNAs. Modification of DNA, protein, or RNA, resulting in changes to the function and/or regulation of these molecules, without altering their primary sequences, reveals the complexities of cellular differentiation, embryology, the regulation of gene expression, aging, cancer, and other diseases.

MCE provide a unique collection of 1225 epigenetics-related compounds that can be used in the research of the related diseases.

Nuclear receptors (NR) are proteins found in cells that sense androgen and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules. They are ligand-activated transcription factors that participate in many aspects of human physiology and pathology, and regulate the expression of various important genes.

Nuclear receptors have become one of the main targets in the development of new drug strategies, providing a unique type of receptors for studying a variety of human diseases, such as breast cancers, skin disorders and diabetes. 13% of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs target nuclear receptors.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 661 nuclear receptor inhibitors and activators, all of which have the identified inhibitory or activated effect on nuclear receptor. MCE Nuclear Receptor Library is a useful tool for drugs research related to cancer, skin disease and diabetes.

Transcription is the essential first step in the conversion of the genetic information in the DNA into protein and the major point at which gene expression is controlled. Transcription of protein-coding genes is accomplished by the multi-subunit enzyme RNA polymerase II and an ensemble of ancillary proteins, called transcription factors (TFs). Transcription factors play an important role in the long-term regulation of cell growth, differentiation and responses to environmental cues. Deregulated transcription factors contribute to the pathogenesis of a plethora of human diseases, ranging from diabetes, inflammatory disorders and cardiovascular disease to many cancers, and thus these proteins hold great therapeutic potential.

MCE offers a unique collection of 1288 compounds with validated transcription factor targets modulating properties. MCE transcription factor-targeted compound library is an effective tool for researching transcription factors as drug targets as well as modulation of TFs for different therapeutic applications.

A histone modification, a covalent post-translational modification (PTM) to histone proteins, includes methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation, etc. In general, histone modifications are catalyzed by specific enzymes that act predominantly at the histone N-terminal tails involving amino acids such as lysine or arginine, as well as serine, threonine, tyrosine, etc. The PTMs made to histones can impact gene expression by altering chromatin structure or recruiting histone modifiers. Histone modifications act in diverse biological processes such as transcriptional activation/inactivation, chromosome packaging, and DNA damage/repair. Deregulation of histone modification contributes to many diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases.

MCE owns a unique collection of 614 bioactive compounds targeting Epigenetic Reader Domain, HDAC, Histone Acetyltransferase, Histone Demethylase, Histone Methyltransferase, Sirtuin, etc. Histone Modification Research Compound Library is a useful tool for histone modification research and drug screening.

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/Rel proteins include NF-κB2 p52/p100, NF-κB1 p50/p105, c-Rel, RelA/p65, and RelB. These proteins function as dimeric transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes and influence a broad range of biological processes including innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, stress responses, B-cell development, and lymphoid organogenesis. NF-κB plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infection. In addition, activation of the NF-κB pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, septic shock, viral infection, and improper immune development.

MCE owns a unique collection of 805 small molecule compounds that can be used in the research of NF-κB signaling pathway or high throughput screening (HTS) related drug discovery.

Chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines, are small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells. They are a component of intercellular communication, controlling the directional movement of immune cells especially leukocytes, as well as other cell types, for instance, endothelial and epithelial cells, which are essential to maintain human health and the function of the immune system.

The biological effects of chemokines are achieved by binding to chemokine receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors found on the surface of leukocytes. Some chemokine receptors are involved in directing tumor metastasis and over-expression by certain tumors. So inhibiting the interaction between chemokine and chemokine receptors on the surface of tumor cells may be a new possible therapeutic approach. Some chemokine receptors are coreceptors for HIV entry, and related inhibitors have been approved by the FDA to treat patients with HIV. Obviously, chemokines and chemokine receptors have become new targets for studying cancer, HIV, inflammation, and other diseases.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 146 chemokine or chemokine receptor inhibitors and activators, all of which have the identified inhibitory or activated effect on chemokine or chemokine receptors. MCE Chemokine Library is a useful tool for drug research related to cancer, AIDS, and wound therapy.

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The TGF-β superfamily comprises TGF-βs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins and related proteins. Signaling begins with the binding of a TGF beta superfamily ligand to a TGF beta type II receptor. The type II receptor is a serine/threonine receptor kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of the Type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD (e.g. SMAD4). R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases, including cancers, some bone diseases, chronic kidney disease, etc.

MCE designs a unique collection of 223 TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway compounds. TGF-beta/Smad Compound Library acts as a useful tool for TGF-beta/Smad-related drug screening and disease research.

Oxygen homeostasis regulation is the most fundamental cellular process for adjusting physiological oxygen variations, and its irregularity leads to various human diseases, including cancer. Hypoxia is closely associated with cancer development, and hypoxia/oxygen-sensing signaling plays critical roles in the modulation of cancer progression.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. A variety of HF-1 target genes have been identified thus far which encode proteins that play key roles in critical developmental and physiological processes including angiogenesis/vascular remodeling, erythropoiesis, glucose transport, glycolysis, iron transport, and cell proliferation/survival.

HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of a constitutively expressed β-subunit and an oxygen-regulated α-subunit. The unique feature of HIF-1 is the regulation of HIF-1α expression and activity based upon the cellular O₂ concentration. Under normoxic conditions, hydroxylation of HIF-1α on these different proline residues is essential for HIF proteolytic degradation by promoting interaction with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein (pVHL) through hydrogen bonding to the hydroxyproline-binding pocket in the pVHL β-domain. As oxygen levels decrease, hydroxylation of HIF decreases; HIF-1α then no longer binds pVHL, and becomes stabilized, allowing more of the protein to translocate to the cell’s nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor, upregulating (often within minutes) the production of proteins that stimulate blood perfusion in tissues and thus tissue oxygenation.

MCE offers a unique collection of 2507 oxygen sensing related compounds targeting HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, etc. MCE Oxygen Sensing Compound Library is a useful tool to study hypoxia, oxidative stress and discover new anti-cancer drugs.

N-2 Supplement promotes cell growth and survival. It has been associated with the growth and expression of neuroblastoma, and with post-mitotic neuronal survival and expression in primary cultures of both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).

MCE Anti-His Magnetic Beads are used for immunoprecipitation (IP) of specific His-tagged proteins expressed in bacterial and mammalian cells and in vitro expression systems.

MCE Anti-Flag Affinity Gel is used for immunoprecipitation (IP) or protein purification of specific Flag-tagged proteins expressed in bacterial and mammalian cells and in vitro expression systems.

MCE Anti-HA Magnetic Beads (1 μm) are used for immunoprecipitation (IP) of specific HA-tagged proteins expressed in bacterial and mammalian cells and in vitro expression systems.

MCE Ni-NTA 6FF Prepacked Column is ideal for high performance purification of polyhistidine-tagged proteins expressed in E.coli, yeast, insect and mammalian expression systems.

MCE Anti-c-Myc Magnetic Beads (1 μm) are used for immunoprecipitation (IP) of specific c-Myc-tagged proteins expressed in bacterial and mammalian cells and in vitro expression systems.

MCE Anti-c-Myc Affinity Gel can be used for the detection and purification of c-Myc fusion expressed proteins, and immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments to detect the expression of recombinant proteins in target cells.

MCE Anti-HA Affinity Gel can be employed for the detection and purification of HA fusion expressed proteins, and can also be used in immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments to detect the expression of recombinant proteins in target cells.

MCE Anti-Flag Magnetic Beads are used for immunoprecipitation (IP) of specific Flag-tagged proteins expressed in bacterial and mammalian cells and in vitro expression systems, and also suitable for Co-immunoprecipitation and purification of Flag-tagged protein.

MCE Anti-Flag Magnetic Beads are used for immunoprecipitation (IP) of specific Flag-tagged proteins expressed in bacterial and mammalian cells and in vitro expression systems, and also suitable for Co-immunoprecipitation and purification of Flag-tagged protein.

MCE PEI Transfection Reagent is designed based on 25 kDa PEI. It has high-efficiency, low-toxicity, strong-stability, and is suitable for many cell types, such as HEK-293、HEK-293T、CHO-K1、COS-1、COS-7、NIH/3T3、Sf9、HepG2 and HeLa et, even some hard-to-transfect cells. It can also be applied to large-scale recombinant protein expression and virus production.