processes

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or re‑tasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication. First, the risk of failure is lower. Second, the time frame for drug development can be reduced. Third, less investment is needed. Approved drugs have identified bioactivities, good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety which are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE owns a unique collection of 2919 approved compounds which have been completed extensive preclinical and clinical studies and have well-characterized bioactivities, safety and bioavailability properties. The package of this library is 96-well microplate with peelable foil seal, which makes the screening process easier and faster.

Ossification is a tightly regulated process, performed by specialized cells called osteoblasts. Dysregulation of this process may cause inadequate or excessive mineralization of bones or ectopic calcification, all of which have grave consequences for human health.

Osteoblasts play important roles in the process of osteogenesis and prevention of osteonecrosis. Osteoblast formation and bone formation are regulated by hormones, growth factors, cytokines, etc.

MCE offers a unique collection of 451 bone formation compounds with identified and potential inducing osteogenesis activity. MCE bone formation compound library is a useful tool for the study of bone disease drugs and pharmacology.

Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories: fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Lipids play a crucial role in different metabolic pathways and cellular functions. Lipid metabolism is an important physiological process that is related to nutrient adjustment, hormone regulation, and homeostasis. Lipid metabolism dysregulation is associated with many diseases such as obesity, liver disease, aging and inflammation.

MCE offers a unique collection of 644 compounds related to lipid metabolism, which target relevant targets in the process of lipid metabolism, such as ATGL, MAGL, FAAH, acetyl-Coa Carboxylase, FASN, etc. MCE lipid metabolism compound library is a useful tool for research lipid metabolism and drug discovery of diseases related to lipid metabolism.

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Inflammation is also the body's attempt at self-protection to remove harmful stimuli and begin the healing process. It’s part of the body's immune response. The immune system recognizes damaged cells, irritants, and pathogens, and inflammation begins the healing process. Inflammatory abnormalities are a large group of disorders that underlie a vast variety of human diseases. The immune system is often involved with inflammatory disorders, demonstrated in both allergic reactions and some myopathies, with many immune system disorders resulting in abnormal inflammation.

MCE designs a unique collection of 5002 compounds that are useful tool for Immunology/Inflammation research or autoimmune inflammatory diseases drug discovery.

Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process in which blood changes from a liquid to a solid gel to form a blood clot. Thrombin, which is accurately and evenly generated in the injured part of blood vessels, is a key effector enzyme of the blood coagulation system and participates in many important biological processes, such as platelet activation, fibrinogen conversion to fibrin network, coagulation feedback amplification, etc. At the same time, to avoid the accidental formation of thrombus in the body, there is also an anticoagulant mechanism that inhibits blood coagulation.

Normal coagulation mechanism represents a balance between the pro-coagulant pathway in the injured site and anti-coagulant pathway beyond it. The blood coagulation system may be out of balance during the perioperative period or critical illness, which may lead to thrombosis or excessive bleeding. Therefore, the physiological study of coagulation balance is an important basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the abnormal coagulation process.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 967 compounds targeting key proteins in coagulation and anti-coagulation system. MCE Coagulation and Anti-coagulation Compound Library is a useful tool for study the mechanism of coagulation and anticoagulation.

Aging is a complex biological process characterized by functional decline of tissues and organs, structural degeneration, and reduced adaptability and resistance, all of which contribute to an increase in morbidity and mortality caused by multiple chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and diabetes. Many theories, which fall into two main categories: programmed and error theories, have been proposed to explain the process of aging, but neither of them appears to be fully satisfactory. The programmed theories imply that aging relies on specific gene regulation, and the error theories emphasize the internal and environmental damages accumulated to living organisms. The damage theories proposed the nine hallmarks that were generally considered to contribute to the aging process: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication.

MCE Anti-Aging Compound Library contains 4329 compounds, mainly targeting Sirtuin, mTOR, IGF-1R, AMPK, p53, Telomerase, Mitophagy, Mitochondrial Metabolism, COX, Cytochrome P450, Oxidase, etc. This library is a useful tool for anti-aging research.

A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products. Proteases play important roles in regulating multiple biological processes in all living organisms, such as regulating the fate, localization, and activity of many proteins, modulating protein-protein interactions, creating new bioactive molecules, contributing to the processing of cellular information, and generating, transducing, and amplifying molecular signals.

Proteases are important targets in drug discovery. Some protease inhibitors are often used as anti-virus drugs and anti-cancer drugs. MCE offers a unique collection of 595 protease inhibitors. MCE Protease Inhibitor Library is critical for drug discovery and development.

Aging is an unavoidable process, leading to cell senescence due to physiochemical changes in an organism. Aging cells cease to divide and drive the progression of illness through various pathways, resulting in the death of an organism ultimately. Anti-aging activities are primarily involved in the therapies of age-related disorders such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Natural products are known as effective molecules in anti-aging treatments, which delay the aging process through influencing several pathways and thus ensure an extended lifespan. MCE offers a unique collection of 193 natural products with validated anti-aging activity. MCE anti-aging natural product library is a useful tool for the study of aging-related diseases drugs and pharmacology.

Kinase is an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other molecules. This process is known as phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation is a key aspect in the regulation of a large number of cellular processes including cellular division, metabolism, signal transduction, and so on. There are over 500 kinases encoded by the human genome and it has been estimated that kinases regulate approximately 50% of cellular functions. Kinases are a large group of drug targets in drug discovery. Kinase inhibitors are an important class of drugs that block certain enzymes involved in diseases such as cancer and inflammatory disorders.

Kinase inhibitor library designed by MCE contains 3103 kinase inhibitors and regulators mainly targeting protein kinases (VEGFR, EGFR, BTK, CDK, Akt, etc.), lipid kinases (PI3K, PI4K, SK, etc.) and carbohydrate kinases (Hexokinase), and is a useful tool for kinase drug discovery and related research.

Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. Metabolic pathways are enzyme-mediated biochemical reactions that lead to biosynthesis (anabolism) or breakdown (catabolism) of natural product small molecules within a cell or tissue. Acting as catalysts, enzymes are crucial to metabolism - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction. Proteases are used throughout an organism for various metabolic processes. Proteases control a great variety of physiological processes that are critical for life, including the immune response, cell cycle, cell death, wound healing, food digestion, and protein and organelle recycling. Imbalances in metabolic activities have been found to be critical in a number of pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

MCE designs a unique collection of 4515 Metabolism/Protease-related small molecules that act as a useful tool for drug discovery of metabolism-related diseases.

Membrane receptors, also known cell surface receptors or transmembrane receptors, are transmembrane proteins embedded into the plasma membrane which play an essential role in maintaining communication between the internal processes within the cell and various types of extracellular signals. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules, which are also called ligands. These extracellular molecules include hormones, cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, lipophilic signaling molecules such as prostaglandins, and cell recognition molecules.

There are three kinds of membrane receptors: ion channel-linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors and G-protein-linked receptors. They play important roles in keeping human normal physiologic processes. GPCRs and ion channels are important drug targets in drug discovery.

MCE provides a unique collection of 4626 compounds targeting a variety of membrane receptors. MCE Membrane reeptor-targeted Compound Library can be used for membrane receptor-focused screening and drug discovery.

Cancer is a multi-step process which involves initiation, promotion and progression. Chemical carcinogens can alter any of these processes to induce their carcinogenic effects. People are continuously exposed exogenously to varying amounts of chemicals that have been shown to have carcinogenic or mutagenic properties in experimental systems. Exposure can occur exogenously when these agents are present in food, air or water, and also endogenously when they are products of metabolism or pathophysiologic states such as inflammation. The administration of chemical carcinogens is one of the most commonly used methods to induce tumors in several organs in laboratory animals in order to study oncologic diseases of humans. MCE offers a unique collection of 128 chemical carcinogens which have been identified with carcinogenic activity either in humans or in animal models. MCE Tumorigenesis-Related Compound Library is a powerful tool for studying oncologic diseases of humans. Standard opration based on safety data sheet will not cause harm to the body.

Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels. It occurs in various physiological processes e.g. embryonic development, menstrual cycle, exercise and wound healing etc. Angiogenesis is regulated by both endogenous activators and inhibitors. Some key activators of angiogenesis include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), angiogenin, TGF-β, etc. whereas angiogenesis inhibitors are angiostatin, endostatin, interferon, platelet factor 4, etc. The loss of balance between these opposing signals leads to life threatening diseases like cancer, cardiovascular and ischemic diseases etc. which are thus controlled by exogenous angiogenesis activators (for cardiovascular/ischemic disorders) and inhibitors (for cancer).

MCE offers a unique collection of 1960 compounds with validated angiogenesis targets modulating properties. MCE angiogenesis-related compound library is an effective tool for angiogenesis research and discovery of angiogenesis-related drugs.

Most of molecules enter or leave cells mainly via membrane transport proteins, which play important roles in several cellular functions, including cell metabolism, ion homeostasis, signal transduction, the recognition process in the immune system, energy transduction, etc. There are three major types of transport proteins, ATP-powered pumps, channel proteins and transporters. Transport proteins such as channels and transporters play important roles in the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis, and mutations in these transport protein genes have been identified in the pathogenesis of a number of hereditary diseases. In the central nervous system, ion channels have been linked to, but not limited to, many diseases such asataxias, paralyses, epilepsies, and deafness. This indicates the roles of ion channels in the initiation and coordination of movement, sensory perception, and encoding and processing of information. Ion channels are a major class of drug targets in drug development.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1392 smal-molecule modulators that can be used for the research of Ion Channel and Membrane Transporter or high throughput screening (HTS) related drug discovery.

Epigenetics refers to changes in phenotype that are not rooted in DNA sequence. Many types of epigenetic processes have been identified, including DNA methylation, alteration in the structure of histone proteins and gene regulation by small noncoding microRNAs. Modification of DNA, protein, or RNA, resulting in changes to the function and/or regulation of these molecules, without altering their primary sequences, reveals the complexities of cellular differentiation, embryology, the regulation of gene expression, aging, cancer, and other diseases.

MCE provide a unique collection of 1223 epigenetics-related compounds that can be used in the research of the related diseases.

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is essential for cell survival, differentiation, development, and homeostasis. The process of autophagy in mammalian cells is as follows: a portion of cytoplasm, including organelles, is enclosed by a phagophore or isolation membrane to form an autophagosome. The outer membrane of the autophagosome subsequently fuses with the endosome and then the lysosome, and the internal material is degraded. Autophagy plays a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles. Defective autophagy contributes to various pathologies, including infections, cancer, neurodegeneration, aging, and heart disease.

MCE provides a unique collection of 1369 autophagy pathway-related compounds that is a useful tool for the research of autophagy-related regulation and diseases.

Glutamine is an important metabolic fuel that helps rapidly proliferating cells meet the increased demand for ATP, biosynthetic precursors, and reducing agents. Glutamine Metabolism pathway involves the initial deamination of glutamine by glutaminase(GLS), yielding glutamate and ammonia. Glutamate is converted to the TCA cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) by either glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) or by the alanine or aspartate transaminases (TAs), to produce both ATP and anabolic carbons for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and lipids. During periods of hypoxia or mitochondrial dysfunction, α-KG can be converted to citrate in a reductive carboxylation reaction catalyzed by IDH2. The newly formed citrate exits the mitochondria where it is used to synthesize fatty acids and amino acids and produce the reducing agent, NADPH.

Cancer cells display an altered metabolic circuitry that is directly regulated by oncogenic mutations and loss of tumor suppressors. Mounting evidence indicates that altered glutamine metabolism in cancer cells has critical roles in supporting macromolecule biosynthesis, regulating signaling pathways, and maintaining redox homeostasis, all of which contribute to cancer cell proliferation and survival. Thus, intervention in glutamine metabolic processes could provide novel approaches to improve cancer treatment.

MCE owns a unique collection of 898 compounds targeting the mainly proteins and enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism pathway. Glutamine Metabolism compound library is a useful tool for intervention in glutamine metabolic processes.

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or re‑tasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication, such as lower risk and less investment. Clinical drugs have confirmed bioactivities, clear mechanisms and high safety that are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE owns a unique collection of 2219 clinical compounds that refer to various research areas including anti-cancer, anti-infection, anti-inflammation, nervous disease. Those compounds are of detailed information on clinical development status, research area, targets, etc.

An inactive ingredient is any component of a drug product other than the active ingredient. Inactive ingredients are added during the manufacturing process of pharmaceutical products such as tablets, capsules, suppositories, and injections. In new drug development, once an inactive ingredient has appeared in an approved drug product for a particular route of administration, the inactive ingredient is not considered new and may require a less extensive review the next time it is included in a new drug product.

MCE offers a unique collection of 183 inactive ingredients, which only contain inactive ingredients of the final dosage forms of the drug. MCE Inactive Ingredient library is a powerful tool for aiding in the development of the drug and saving unnecessary time.

Oxidative stress is an imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants in the body, which can lead to cell and tissue damage. Oxidative stress can be responsible for the induction of several diseases, both chronic and degenerative, as well as speeding up body aging process and cause acute pathologies. Antioxidants are a class of compounds able to counteract oxidative stress and mitigate its effects on individuals’ health, gained enormous attention from the biomedical research community. Antioxidants have long been substantial and amenable therapeutic arsenals for multifarious diseases such as AD and cancer.

MCE Antioxidant Compound Library contains 1478 compounds that act as antioxidants for high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS). This library is a useful tool for discovery new antioxidants and oxidative stress research.

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or re‑tasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication. First, the risk of failure is lower. Second, the time frame for drug development can be reduced. Third, less investment is needed. Approved and clinical drugs, especially after phase I drugs, have identified bioactivities, good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety which are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE Drug Repurposing Compound Library contains 4619 approved drugs and passing phase Ⅰclinical drugs, which have been completed extensive preclinical and clinical studies and have well-characterized bioactivities, safety and bioavailability properties.

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or re‑tasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication. First, the risk of failure is lower. Second, the time frame for drug development can be reduced. Third, less investment is needed. Approved drugs have identified bioactivities, good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety which are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE owns a unique collection of 2919 approved compounds which have been completed extensive preclinical and clinical studies and have well-characterized bioactivities, safety and bioavailability properties. MCE FDA-Approved Drug Library is a good tool for drug repurposing which could dramatically accelerate drug development.

With features of enormous scaffold diversity and structural complexity, natural products (NPs) are the main sources of lead compounds and new drugs and play a highly significant role in the drug discovery and development process, especially for cancer and infectious diseases. A large number of natural products have been proven to have potential anti-tumor effects, mainly from plants, animals, Marine organisms and microorganisms. At present, derived than 60% of anti-tumor drugs come from natural sources, and they are widely used in breast, prostate and colon cancers.

MCE offers a unique collection of 1584 natural products with validated anti-cancer activity. MCE anti-cancer natural product library is a useful tool for anti-tumor drugs screening and other related research.

Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions, which is also called programmed cell death (PCD). Apoptosis plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining the health of the body by eliminating old cells, unhealthy cells and unnecessary cells. Too little or too much apoptosis contribute to many diseases. When apoptosis does not work correctly, cells that should be eliminated may persist and become immortal, for example, in cancer and leukemia. When apoptosis works overly well, it kills too many cells and inflicts grave tissue damage. This is the case in strokes and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease.

MCE designs a unique collection of 2211 apoptosis-related compounds mainly focusing on the key targets in the apoptosis signaling pathway and can be used in the research of apoptosis signal pathway and related diseases.

Inflammation promotes physiological and pathological processes by the activation of the immune system, local vascular system, and various cells within the damaged tissue. Accumulating epidemiological and clinical evidence shows that chronic inflammation is causally linked to various human diseases, including cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, joint, cutaneous, pulmonary, blood, liver, and intestinal diseases as well as diabetes.

Various natural products from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) have been shown to safely suppress proinflammatory pathways and control inflammation-associated disease. MCE designs a unique collection of 1057 Traditional Chinese Medicine active compounds with anti-inflammatory activity, which are derived from Coptis chinensis, Radix isatidis, Flos Lonicerae, Forsythia suspensa, etc. MCE Anti-inflammatory Traditional Chinese Medicine Active Compound Library is a useful tool for discovery anti-inflammatory drugs from TCM.

The cytoskeleton is responsible for contraction, cell motility, movement of organelles and vesicles through the cytoplasm, cytokinesis, intracellular signal transduction, and many other functions that are essential for cellular homeostasis and survival. It accomplishes these tasks through three basic structures: F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs). The cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure where the three major filaments and tubules are under the influence of proteins that regulate their length, state of polymerization, and level of cross-linking. Since cytoskeleton is involved in virtually all cellular processes, cytoskeletal protein aberrations are the underlying reason for many pathological phenotypes, including several cardiovascular disease syndromes, neurodegeneration, cancer, liver cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and blistering skin diseases.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1242 cytoskeleton-related compounds mainly focusing on the key targets in the cytoskeleton signal pathway and can be used in the research of cytoskeleton signal pathway and related diseases.

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or retasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication. First, the risk of failure is lower. Second, the time frame for drug development can be reduced. Third, less investment is needed. Approved drugs and pharmacopoeia collected compounds have identified bioactivities, good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety which are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE owns a unique collection of 3463 compounds from approved institutions such as FDA, EMA, NMPA, PMDA, etc. or pharmacopoeia such as USP, BP, JP, etc. These compounds have well-characterized bioactivities, safety and bioavailability properties. MCE FDA Approved & Pharmacopeial Drug Library is a good tool for drug repurposing which could dramatically accelerate drug development.

Programmed cell death pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis, are regulated by unique sets of host proteins that coordinate a variety of biological outcomes. Pyroptosis is a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs most frequently upon infection with intracellular pathogens and is likely to form part of the antimicrobial response. This process promotes the rapid clearance of various bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan infections by removing intracellular replication niches and enhancing the host's defensive responses. Pyroptosis has been widely studied in inflammatory and infection disease models. Recently, there are growing evidences that pyroptosis also plays an important role in the development of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and Metabolic disorder, etc.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1240 pyroptosis-related compounds mainly focusing on the key targets in the pyroptosis signaling pathway and can be used in the research of pyroptosis signal pathway and related diseases.

Protein serine/threonine kinases (PSKs) are protein kinases that use ATP as a high-energy donor molecule to transfer phosphate groups to serine/threonine residues of target protein. As an important signal transduction regulator, serine/threonine kinases can affect the function of target proteins by disrupting enzyme activity or binding of target proteins to other proteins. Serine/threonine kinases are involved in the regulation of immune response, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other physiological processes. Serine/threonine kinase inhibitors are an important class of compounds that have been widely studied in cancer, chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, aging and other diseases.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1252 serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, mainly targeting the receptor PKA, Akt, PKC, MAPK/ERK, etc, which is an effective tool for development and research of anti-cancer, anti-chronic inflammatory diseases, anti-autoimmune diseases and anti-aging compounds.

5-HT receptors, also called Serotonin receptors, are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. These receptors are now classified into seven families, 5-HT1–7, comprising a total of 14 structurally and pharmacologically distinct mammalian 5-HT receptor subtypes. The 5-HT receptors influence various biological and neurological processes such as aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, nausea, sleep, andthermoregulation. The serotonin receptors are the target of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs, including many antidepressants, antipsychotics, anorectics, antiemetics, gastroprokinetic agents, antimigraine agents, hallucinogens, and entactogens.

MCE 5-HT Receptor Compound Library consists of 307 5-HT receptor inhibitors and activators, which can be used for neuropsychiatric disorders drugs discovery.

Macrocycles, molecules containing 12-membered or larger rings, are receiving increased attention in small-molecule drug discovery. The reasons are several, including providing access to novel chemical space, challenging new protein targets, showing favorable ADME- and PK-properties. Macrocycles have demonstrated repeated success when addressing targets that have proved to be highly challenging for standard small-molecule drug discovery, especially in modulating macromolecular processes such as protein–protein interactions (PPI). Otherwise, the size and complexity of macrocyclic compounds make possible to ensure numerous and spatially distributed binding interactions, thereby increasing both binding affinity and selectivity.

MCE offers a unique collection of 364 macrocyclic compounds which can be used for drug discovery for high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS). MCE Macrocyclic Compound Library is a useful tool for discovering new drugs, especially for “undruggable” targets and protein–protein interactions.

Cell death plays a crucial role in the development of the body and the maintenance of internal balance to prevent the development of diseases. According to the regulation of the involved processes, cell death can be defined as programmed and non-programmed death. Programmed cell death (PCD) can be divided into lytic cell death and nonlytic cell death, mainly including apoptosis, necrotic apoptosis and Pyroptosis. Non-Programmed cell death (Non-PCD) generally refers to necrosis. In stark contrast to Accidental Cell Death (ACD), Regulatory Cell Death (RCD) relies on specialized molecular mechanisms. Cell death includes internal apoptosis, external apoptosis, necrotic apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, etc.

MCE designs a unique collection of 2449 cell death compounds, covering multiple targets, such as Apoptosis, Ferroptosis, Pyroptosis, Necroptosis, etc. It is a useful tool for screening cell death drugs.

Heterocyclic compounds are cyclic organic compounds which contain at least one hetero atom, the most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen ,and sulfur. Heterocycles are common in biology, featuring a wide range of structures from enzyme co-factors to amino acids and proteins. On the one hand, heterocycles are common structural units in approved drugs and in medicinal chemistry targets in the drug discovery process. In addition, heterocycles have been found as a key structure in medical chemistry and also they are frequently found in large percent of biomolecules such as vitamins, natural products ,and biologically active compounds including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiallergic, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, anticancer activity.

MCE offers a unique collection of 6004 heterocyclic compounds which can be used for drug discovery for high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS). MCE heterocyclic compound library is critical for drug discovery and development.

A histone modification, a covalent post-translational modification (PTM) to histone proteins, includes methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation, etc. In general, histone modifications are catalyzed by specific enzymes that act predominantly at the histone N-terminal tails involving amino acids such as lysine or arginine, as well as serine, threonine, tyrosine, etc. The PTMs made to histones can impact gene expression by altering chromatin structure or recruiting histone modifiers. Histone modifications act in diverse biological processes such as transcriptional activation/inactivation, chromosome packaging, and DNA damage/repair. Deregulation of histone modification contributes to many diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases.

MCE owns a unique collection of 612 bioactive compounds targeting Epigenetic Reader Domain, HDAC, Histone Acetyltransferase, Histone Demethylase, Histone Methyltransferase, Sirtuin, etc. Histone Modification Research Compound Library is a useful tool for histone modification research and drug screening.

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or re‑tasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication, such as lower risk and less investment. Clinical drugs have confirmed bioactivities, clear mechanisms and high safety that are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE owns a unique collection of 2714 clinical compounds that refer to various research areas including anti-cancer, anti-infection, anti-inflammation, nervous disease. Those compounds are of detailed information on clinical development status, research area, targets, etc. Clinical Compound Library Plus, with powerful screening capability, further complements Clinical Compound Library (HY-L026) by adding some compounds with low solubility or solution stability (Part B) to this library. All those supplementary are supplied in powder form.

Oxygen homeostasis regulation is the most fundamental cellular process for adjusting physiological oxygen variations, and its irregularity leads to various human diseases, including cancer. Hypoxia is closely associated with cancer development, and hypoxia/oxygen-sensing signaling plays critical roles in the modulation of cancer progression.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. A variety of HF-1 target genes have been identified thus far which encode proteins that play key roles in critical developmental and physiological processes including angiogenesis/vascular remodeling, erythropoiesis, glucose transport, glycolysis, iron transport, and cell proliferation/survival.

HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of a constitutively expressed β-subunit and an oxygen-regulated α-subunit. The unique feature of HIF-1 is the regulation of HIF-1α expression and activity based upon the cellular O₂ concentration. Under normoxic conditions, hydroxylation of HIF-1α on these different proline residues is essential for HIF proteolytic degradation by promoting interaction with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein (pVHL) through hydrogen bonding to the hydroxyproline-binding pocket in the pVHL β-domain. As oxygen levels decrease, hydroxylation of HIF decreases; HIF-1α then no longer binds pVHL, and becomes stabilized, allowing more of the protein to translocate to the cell’s nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor, upregulating (often within minutes) the production of proteins that stimulate blood perfusion in tissues and thus tissue oxygenation.

MCE offers a unique collection of 2495 oxygen sensing related compounds targeting HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, etc. MCE Oxygen Sensing Compound Library is a useful tool to study hypoxia, oxidative stress and discover new anti-cancer drugs.

Protein ubiquitination is an enzymatic post-translational modification in which an ubiquitin protein is attached to a substrate protein. Ubiquitination involves three main steps: activation, conjugation, and ligation, performed by ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin ligases (E3s), respectively. Ubiquitination affects cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA damage repair, and membrane transportation, etc. by regulating the degradation of proteins (via the proteasome and lysosome), altering the cellular localization of proteins, affecting proteins activity, and promoting or preventing protein-protein interactions. Deregulation of ubiquitin pathway leads to many diseases such as neurodegeneration, cancer, infection and immunity, etc.

MCE offers a unique collection of 283 small molecule modulators with biological activity used for ubiquitination research. Compounds in this library target the key enzymes in ubiquitin pathway. MCE Ubiquitination Compound Library is a useful tool for the research of ubiquitination regulation and the corresponding diseases.

Rare diseases are an important public-health issue and a challenge for the medical community. Most rare diseases are genetic disorders, which are often severely disabling, substantially affect life expectancy, and impair physical and mental abilities. Currently, there are about 7,000 identified rare diseases, together affecting 10% of the population. However, fewer than 6% of all rare diseases have an approved treatment option, highlighting their tremendous unmet needs in drug development. The process of repurposing drugs for new indications, compared with the development of novel orphan drugs, is a time-saving and cost-efficient method resulting in higher success rates, which can therefore drastically reduce the risk of drug development for rare diseases.

MCE carefully collects a unique of 1752 compounds studied in preclinical, clinical trials or approved used in rare diseases treatment. MCE rare diseases drug library is a useful tool for the research of rare diseases. All compounds can provide corresponding indications for rare diseases.

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or re‑tasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication. First, the risk of failure is lower. Second, the time frame for drug development can be reduced. Third, less investment is needed. Approved drugs have identified bioactivities, good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety which are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE owns a unique collection of 3230 approved compounds which have been completed extensive preclinical and clinical studies and have well-characterized bioactivities, safety and bioavailability properties. MCE FDA-Approved Drug Library Plus, with more powerful screening capability, further complements FDA-Approved Drug Library (HY-L022) by adding some compounds with low solubility or solution stability (Part B) to this library. All those supplementary are supplied in powder form.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane binding structures that are released from cells into the surrounding environment and play a crucial role in mediating and regulating intercellular communication related to physiological and pathological processes. EVs are lipid membrane vesicles composed of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. EVs can be divided into several types based on their source, such as extracellular vesicles, microcapsules, and apoptotic vesicles. The size range of exosomes is 30-150nm, which are endocrine in multi vesicular endosomes (MVEs); microvesicles (50-1000nm) are secreted directly through extracellular interactions, thereby releasing plasma membrane vesicles. In contrast, apoptotic bodies are usually larger, ranging in size from 1 to 5 μ m. This is generated during programmed cell death. EV plays a crucial role in transmitting information between cells and influencing the behavior and function of receptor cells.

MCE designs a unique collection of 405 small molecules related to extracellular vesicles (EVs). It is a good tool to be used for research on metabolize, cancer and other diseases.

Glycolysis is a series of metabolic processes by which one molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate with a net gain of two ATP. Glycolysis takes place in 10 steps and catalyzed by a series of enzyme, such as hexokinase, Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Phosphofructokinase, etc. Glycolysis is used by all cells in the body for energy generation.

Most cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis and use this metabolic pathway for generation of ATP as a main source of their energy supply. This phenomenon is known as the Warburg effect and is considered as one of the most fundamental metabolic alterations during malignant transformation. Because increased aerobic glycolysis is commonly seen in a wide spectrum of human cancers, development of novel glycolytic inhibitors as a new class of anticancer agents is likely to have broad therapeutic applications.

MCE provides a unique collection of 679 glycolysis compounds that mainly target hexokinase, glucokinase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, PDHK, etc. MCE Glycolysis Compound Library is a useful tool for glucose metabolism research and anti-cancer drug discovery.

Traditional Chinese medicine provides abundant natural resources for medicinal compounds, which are often considered effective and safe for drug discovery. Traditional Chinese medicine is based on the principle of "multiple components, multiple targets, and multiple pathways", and naturally has multiple pharmacological effects. As herbal medicine, the secondary plant metabolites in Chinese herbal medicine play an important role in alleviating many diseases in Traditional medicine and folk use. Therefore, the identification of traditional Chinese medicine derived compounds is also an important process in drug development and a necessary factor in dissecting the overall mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine. FDA listed compounds have completed extensive preclinical and clinical studies, exhibiting good biological activity, safety, and bioavailability.

MCE designs a unique collection of 324 FDA-approved traditional Chinese medicine active compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other structural types. It is a good tool for drug reuse and screening drugs from traditional Chinese medicine sources.

Mitochondria plays an important role in many vital processes in cells, including energy production, fatty-acid oxidation and the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle, calcium signaling, permeability transition, apoptosis and heat production. At present, it is recognized that many diseases are associated with impaired mitochondrial function, such as increased accumulation of ROS and decreased OXPHOS and ATP production. Mitochondria are recognized as one of the most important targets for new drug design in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases, etc. Some small molecule drugs or biologics can act on mitochondria through various pathways, including ETC inhibition, OXPHOS uncoupling, mitochondrial Ca²⁺ modulation, and control of oxidative stress via decrease or increase of mitochondrial ROS accumulation.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 886 mitochondria-targeted compound that mainly targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism, ATP Synthase, Mitophagy, Reactive Oxygen Species, etc. MCE Mitochondria-Targeted Compound Library is a useful tool for mitochondria-targeted drug discovery and related research.

Cytokines are a kind of low molecular soluble proteins synthesized and secreted by immunogen, mitogen or other factors. They have functions of regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, promoting hematopoiesis, stimulating cell activation, proliferation and differentiation. The process of releasing a large number of cytokines is also called “Cytokine storm”, which can cause damage to many tissues and organs in the body. Cytokine is involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, chronic inflammatory diseases and so on. Cytokine inhibitors are a class of essential compounds that act by directly inhibiting the synthesis and release of cytokine or blocking the binding of cytokine to their receptors. Cytokine inhibitors are important compounds for the study of tumor and autoimmune diseases.

MCE designs a unique collection of 811 cytokine inhibitors, mainly targeting the receptor interleukin (IL), colony-stimulating factor (CSF), interferon (IFN), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), growth factor (GF) and chemokine, which is an effective tool for development and research of anti-cancer, anti-chronic inflammatory diseases and anti-autoimmune diseases compounds.

New drug development is a time-consuming and high-cost process. Drug repurposing (also called drug repositioning, reprofiling or re‑tasking) offers various advantages over developing an entirely new drug for a given indication. First, the risk of failure is lower. Second, the time frame for drug development can be reduced. Third, less investment is needed. Approved and clinical drugs, especially after phase I drugs, have identified bioactivities, good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety, which are suitable for drug repurposing.

MCE Drug Repurposing Compound Library plus contains 5331 approved and passed phase I clinical drugs, which have been completed extensive preclinical and clinical studies and have well-characterized bioactivities, safety and bioavailability properties.

MCE Drug Repurposing Compound Library plus, with more powerful screening capability, further complement MCE Drug Repurposing Compound Library (HY-L035) by adding some compounds with low solubility or stability (Part B) to this library. All those supplementary compounds are supplied in powder form.

From target identification to clinical research, traditional drug discovery and development is a time-consuming and costly process, which also bears high risk. Compared with traditional drug discovery, drug repositioning or repurposing, also known as old drugs for new uses can greatly shorten the development cycle and reduce development cost, which has become a new trend of drug development. After undergoing clinical trials, approved drugs have identified bioactivities, good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety, which can greatly improve the success rate of drug discovery. A number of successes have been achieved, such as metformin for type 2 diabetes and thalidomide for leprosy and multiple myeloma, etc.

MCE provides a unique collection of 1398 China NMPA (National Medical Products Administration) approved compounds, which have undergone extensive preclinical and clinical studies and have well-characterized bioactivities, safety and bioavailability properties. MCE NMPA-Approved Drug Library is a good tool for drug repurposing which could dramatically accelerate drug development.

The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is central to signaling by cytokine receptors, a superfamily of more than 30 transmembrane proteins that recognize specific cytokines, and is critical in blood formation and immune response. Canonical JAK/STAT signaling begins with the association of cytokines and their corresponding transmembrane receptors. Activated JAKs then phosphorylate latent STAT monomers, leading to dimerization, nuclear translocation, and DNA binding. In mammals, there are four JAKs (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2) and seven STATs (STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5a, STAT5b, STAT6). Since the JAK/STAT pathway plays a major role in many fundamental processes, such as apoptosis and inflammation, dysfunctional proteins in the pathway may lead to a number of diseases. For example, alterations in JAK/STAT signalling can result in cancer and diseases affecting the immune system, such as severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID).

MCE provides 419 compounds that can be used in the study of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and related diseases.

Viruses are much simpler organisms than bacteria, and they are made from protein substances and nucleic acid. Despite the fact that the exact mechanism of infection is extremely specific to each type of virus, the general scheme of infection can be represented in the following manner: A virus is absorbed at the surface of a host cell and then permeates through the membrane, where it releases nucleic acid from its protein protection. Then the viral nucleic acid begins to replicate, and transcription of the viral genome takes place either in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus of the host cell. As a result of these events, a large amount of viral nucleic acid and protein are made to make new generations of virions. Therefore, one mechanism of action of antiviral drugs is to interfere with the ability of a virus to get into a target cell. A second mechanism of action is to target the processes that synthesize virus components after a virus invades a cell, such as nucleotide or nucleoside analogs.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1275 anti-virus compounds that target several viruses, including SARS-CoV, HBV, HCV, HIV, HSV and Influenza Virus. It’s an effective tool for anti-virus drug discovery.

Neurotransmitter (NT) receptors, also known as neuroreceptors, are a broadly diverse group of membrane proteins that bind neurotransmitters for neuronal signaling. There are two major types of neurotransmitter receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, meaning that the receptor protein includes both a neurotransmitter binding site and an ion channel. The binding of a neurotransmitter molecule (the ligand) to the binding site induces a conformational change in the receptor structure, which opens, or gates, the ion channel. The term “metabotropic receptors” is typically used to refer to transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Metabotropic receptors trigger second messenger-mediated effects within cells after neurotransmitter binding.

In some neurological diseases, the neurotransmitter receptor itself appears to be the target of the disease process. Many neuroactive drugs act by modifying neurotransmitter receptors. A better understanding of neurotransmitter receptor changes in disease may lead to improvements in therapy.

MCE designs a unique collection of 1781 compounds targeting a variety of neurotransmitter receptors. MCE Neurotransmitter Receptor Compound Library is a useful tool for neurological diseases drug discovery.

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, arises as adenocarcinoma from glandular epithelial cells of the large intestine comprised of the colon and rectum. The majority of cases of CRC are sporadic and result from risk factors, such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, processed diets, alcohol consumption and smoking. CRC is also a common preventable cancer.

Studies showed several cellular signaling pathways dysregulated in CRC, leading to the onset of malignant phenotypes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the signaling pathways involved in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer to study the progression and drug treatment of colorectal cancer. Among them, Wnt/β-catenin, p53, TGF-β/SMAD, NF-κB, Notch, VEGF and other target genes and signaling pathways are the focus of research. MCE offers a unique collection of 1607 compounds with identified and potential anti-colorectal cancer activity. MCE anti-colorectal cancer compound library is a useful tool for anti-colorectal cancer drugs screening and other related research.