2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-18085
    Quercetin
    		Inducer 98.06%
    Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4 μM, 3.0 μM and 5.4 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.
    Quercetin
  • HY-13453
    BAY 11-7082
    		Inducer 99.98%
    BAY 11-7082 is an IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB inhibitor. BAY 11-7082 selectively and irreversibly inhibits the TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of IκB-α, and decreases NF-κB and expression of adhesion molecules. BAY 11-7082 inhibits ubiquitin-specific protease USP7 and USP21 (IC50=0.19, 0.96 μM, respectively). BAY 11-7082 inhibits gasdermin D (GSDMD) pore formation in liposomes and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion in human and mouse cells.
    BAY 11-7082
  • HY-13030
    (+)-JQ-1
    		Inducer 99.90%
    (+)-JQ-1 (JQ1) is a potent, specific, and reversible BET bromodomain inhibitor, with IC50s of 77 and 33 nM for the first and second bromodomain (BRD4(1/2)). (+)-JQ-1 also activates autophagy.
    (+)-JQ-1
  • HY-B0146
    Verteporfin
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    Verteporfin (CL 318952) is a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as age-related macular degeneration. Verteporfin is a YAP inhibitor which disrupts YAP-TEAD interactions. Verteporfin induces cell apoptosis. Verteporfinis an autophagy inhibitor that blocks autophagy at an early stage by inhibiting autophagosome formation.
    Verteporfin
  • HY-17386
    Rosiglitazone
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Rosiglitazone (BRL 49653) is an orally active selective PPARγ agonist (EC50: 60 nM, Kd: 40 nM). Rosiglitazone is an TRPC5 activator (EC50: 30 μM) and TRPM3 inhibitor. Rosiglitazone can be used in the research of obesity and diabetes, senescence, ovarian cancer.
    Rosiglitazone
  • HY-10181
    Dasatinib
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a highly potent, ATP competitive, orally active dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The Kis are 16 pM and 30 pM for Src and Bcr-Abl, respectively. Dasatinib inhibits Bcr-Abl and Src with IC50s of <1.0 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Dasatinib also induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Dasatinib
  • HY-12028
    PD98059
    		Inhibitor 99.96%
    PD98059 is a potent and selective MEK inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 µM. PD98059 binds to the inactive form of MEK, thereby preventing the activation of MEK1 (IC50 of 2-7 µM) and MEK2 (IC50 of 50 µM) by upstream kinases. PD98059 is a ERK1/2 signaling inhibitor. PD98059 is a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and suppresses TCDD binding (IC50 of 4 μM) and AHR transformation (IC50 of 1 μM). PD98059 also inhibits Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus CalmetteGuerin (BCG)-induced autophagy.
    PD98059
  • HY-50895
    Gefitinib
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Gefitinib (ZD1839) is a potent, selective and orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 33 nM. Gefitinib selectively inhibits EGF-stimulated tumor cell growth (IC50 of 54 nM) and that blocks EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor cells. Gefitinib also induces autophagy and cell apoptosis, which can be used for cancer related research, such as Lung cancer and breast cancer .
    Gefitinib
  • HY-17393
    Carboplatin
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a DNA synthesis inhibitor which binds to DNA, inhibits replication and transcription and induces cell death. Carboplatin (NSC 241240) is a derivative of CDDP and a potent anti-cancer agent.
    Carboplatin
  • HY-13417
    AICAR
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor.
    AICAR
  • HY-10295
    SB 202190
    		Inducer 99.89%
    SB 202190 is a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38α and p38β2, respectively. SB 202190 binds to the ATP pocket of the active recombinant human p38 kinase with a Kd of 38 nM. SB 202190 has anti-cancer activity and rescued memory deficits. SB202190 induces autophagy.
    SB 202190
  • HY-16561
    Resveratrol
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501), a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
    Resveratrol
  • HY-13520
    Nocodazole
    		Inducer 99.66%
    Nocodazole (Oncodazole) is a rapidly-reversible inhibitor of microtubule. Nocodazole binds to β-tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, which prevents mitosis and induces apoptosis in tumor cells. Nocodazole inhibits Bcr-Abl, and activates CRISPR/Cas9.
    Nocodazole
  • HY-10254
    Mirdametinib
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Mirdametinib (PD0325901) is an orally active, selective and non-ATP-competitive MEK inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.33 nM. Mirdametinib exhibits a Kiapp of 1 nM against activated MEK1 and MEK2. Mirdametinib suppresses the expression of p-ERK1/2 and induces apoptosis. Mirdametinib has anti-cancer activity for a broad spectrum of human tumor xenografts.
    Mirdametinib
  • HY-13605
    Cytarabine
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Cytarabine, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine has antiviral effects against HSV. Cytarabine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
    Cytarabine
  • HY-P0175
    740 Y-P
    		Inducer 99.67%
    740 Y-P (740YPDGFR; PDGFR 740Y-P) is a potent and cell-permeable PI3K activator. 740 Y-P readily binds GST fusion proteins containing both the N- and C- terminal SH2 domains of p85 but fails to bind GST alone.
    740 Y-P
  • HY-17567A
    Heparin sodium salt
    		Inhibitor ≥98.0%
    Heparin sodium salt (Sodium heparin) is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) and greatly accelerates the rate at which ATIII inactivates coagulation enzymes thrombin factor IIa and factor Xa. Heparin sodium salt significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.
    Heparin sodium salt
  • HY-13636
    Fulvestrant
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Fulvestrant (ICI 182780) is a pure antiestrogen and a potent estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with an IC50 of 9.4 nM. Fulvestrant is also a GPR30 agonist. Fulvestrant effectively inhibits the growth of ER-positive MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 0.29 nM. Fulvestrant also induces autophagy and has antitumor efficacy.
    Fulvestrant
  • HY-N0005
    Curcumin
    		Inducer 98.84%
    Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane), a natural phenolic compound, is a p300/CREB-binding protein-specific inhibitor of acetyltransferase, represses the acetylation of histone/nonhistone proteins and histone acetyltransferase-dependent chromatin transcription. Curcumin shows inhibitory effects on NF-κB and MAPKs, and has diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Curcumin induces stabilization of Nrf2 protein through Keap1 cysteine modification.
    Curcumin
  • HY-10218
    Everolimus
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Everolimus (RAD001) is a Rapamycin (HY-10219) derivative and a potent, selective and orally active mTOR1 inhibitor. Everolimus binds to FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex. Everolimus inhibits tumor cells proliferation and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Everolimus has potent immunosuppressive and anticancer activities.
    Everolimus
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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