Astragaloside IV restores Th17/Treg balance via inhibiting CXCR4 to improve chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high fatality rate and poses a great threat to human health. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is proven to attenuate cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary inflammation, based on which this research focuses on the mechanism of AS-IV in COPD.

Methods: To evaluate the effects of AS-IV, CD4⁺ T cells received different concentrations of AS-IV. CD4⁺ T cell viability, T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) markers and CXCR4 expressions in CD4⁺ T cells or spleen/lung tissues were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The proportions of Treg and Th17 cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay was employed to determine cytokine contents in serum and lung tissues.

Results: AS-IV with concentration exceeding 40 µM inhibited CD4⁺ T cell viability. In vitro, AS-IV suppressed the expressions of CXCR4, retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), and interleukin (IL)-17A as well as Th17 cells but promoted the expressions of forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) and IL-10 as well as Treg cells, while CXCR4 overexpression reversed the effects of AS-IV. In vivo, AS-IV alleviated COPD, and CS-induced Th17/Treg imbalance in mice and reduced CS-induced down-regulation of IL-10 in serum and lung tissues and Foxp3 and up-regulation of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-17A in serum and lung tissues and RORγt. AS-IV mitigated CS-induced CXCR4 up-regulation. Above effects of AS-IV on mice were offset by CXCR4 overexpression.

Conclusions: AS-IV restores Th17/Treg balance via impeding CXCR4 to ameliorate COPD.

Astragaloside IV; CXCR4; Th17/Treg; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; inflammation.