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(-)-Vesamicol (AH5183) is an inhibitor of acetylcholine transport into synaptic vesicles, with the IC50 of 75 nM . (-)-Vesamicol can be used for release and recycling of synaptic vesicles study .
AMPA-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of AMPA receptor. AMPA receptors are receptors that are widely expressed in the brain, and play a central role in the regulation of fast excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. AMPA-IN-1 has the potential for the research of various central diseases including epilepsy (extracted from patent WO2017082288A1, compound 14) .
GNE-8324 is a selective GluN2A positive allosteric modulator. GNE-8324 selectively enhances NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic responses in inhibitory but not excitatory neurons .
NerveGreen C3 is a cationic styrene based fluorescent dye. NerveGreen C3 can be used to track synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions or synapses .
Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties and is used for sedation and hypnotic .
L-AP5 (L-APV; L-2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) is an NMDA antagonist and is the isomer of D-AP5 (HY-100714A).
L-AP5 shows a relatively weak amino acid and synaptic blocking activity .
Leptin (116-130) is a bioactive leptin fragment. Leptin (116-130) promotes AMPA receptor trafficking to synapses and facilitate activity-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Leptin (116-130) prevents hippocampal synaptic disruption and neuronal cell death in models of amyloid toxicity. Leptin (116-130) has the potential for the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD) .
Ziconotide acetate (SNX-111 acetate), a peptide, is a potent and selective block of N-type calcium channels antagonist. Ziconotide acetate reduces synaptic transmission, and can be used for chronic pain research .
Ziconotide TFA (SNX-111 TFA), a peptide, is a potent and selective block of N-type calcium channels antagonist. Ziconotide TFA reduces synaptic transmission, and can be used for chronic pain research .
Afizagabar (S44819) is a first-in-class, competitive, and selective antagonist at the GABA-binding site of the α5-GABAAR, with an IC50 of 585 nM for α5β2γ2 and a Ki of 66 nM for α5β3γ2. Afizagabar enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity and exhibits pro-cognitive efficacy .
L-803087 is a potent and selective somatostatin sst4 receptor agonist with a Ki of 0.7 nM. L-803087 is >280-fold higher than other somatostatin receptors. L-803087 facilitates AMPA-mediated hippocampal synaptic responses in vitro and increases kainate-induced seizures in mice .
Calpain-2-IN-1 (Formula 1A) is a isoform-specific calpain-2 inhibitor with Kis of 181 nM and 7.8 nM for calpain-1, and calpain-2, respectively. Calpain-2-IN-1 can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases and other diseases of synaptic function .
L-803087 TFA is a potent and selective somatostatin sst4 receptor agonist with a Ki of 0.7 nM. L-803087 TFA is >280-fold more selective for sst4 receptor than other somatostatin receptors. L-803087 TFA facilitates AMPA-mediated hippocampal synaptic responses in vitro and increases kainate-induced seizures in mice .
FM1-84 (Neurodye GH1-84) is a fluorescent dye. FM1-84 has lipophilic and facilitates association with membranes, resulting in an increase in fluorescence intensity (λex=510 nm, λem=625 nm). FM1-84 can be used for synaptic vesicle recycling in neurons research .
Clathrin-IN-1 is a selective clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) inhibitor. Clathrin-IN-1 selectively inhibits amphiphysin association of clathrin terminal domain (TD) with an IC50 value of 12 μM. Clathrin-IN-1 acutely interferes with receptor-mediated endocytosis, entry of HIV, and synaptic vesicle recycling .
TAT-GluA2 3Y, an interference peptide, blocks long-term depression (LTD) at glutamatergic synapses by disrupting the endocytosis of AMPAR. TAT-GluA2 3Y can alleviate Pentobarbital-induced spatial memory deficits and synaptic depression .
DU-14 is a potent steroid sulfatase inhibitor with an IC50 of 55.8 nM. DU-14 inhibits the MCF-7 cell proliferation (IC50 = 38.7 nM). DU-14 has neuroprotective effects against neurotoxic Aβ, suggesting that up-regulation of endogenous DHEAS by DU-14 could be beneficial to the alleviation of Aβ-induced impairments in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity .
CaMKIIα-PHOTAC is a photochemically targeted chimera (PHOTAC) targeting Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα). Molecules such as PHOTAC can catalyze the ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins through the endogenous proteasome under specific wavelengths of light. CaMKIIα-PHOTAC reduces synaptic function under light conditions, and it attenuates the intensity of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the mouse hippocampus in response to physiological stimuli. CaMKIIα-PHOTAC plays a critical role in maintaining long-term potentiation and memory capacity in subcellular dendritic domains .
Ro 67-4853 is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGluR1 (pEC50=7.16 for rmGlu1a receptor). Ro67-4853 exhibits activity at all group I mGlu receptors including hmGlu1, rmGlu1, and rmGlu5. Ro 67-4853 enhances the potency of L-Glu by interacting with the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the receptor. Ro 67-4853 potentiates sensory synaptic responses to repetitive vibrissa stimulation .
Troriluzole, a third-generation, tripeptide proagent of Riluzole (HY-B0211), is an orally active glutamate modulator. Troriluzole reduces synaptic glutamate level and increases the synaptic glutamate absorption. Troriluzole has the potential for Alzheimer disease and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) .
UBP296 is a potent and selective antagonist of GLUK5-containing kainate receptor in the spinal cord. UBP296 reversibly blocks ATPA-induced depressions of synaptic transmission, and affects AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission directly in rat hippocampal slices .
7BIO (7-Bromoindirubin-3-Oxime) is the derivate of indirubin. 7BIO (7-Bromoindirubin-3-Oxime) has inhibitory effects against cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). 7BIO (7-Bromoindirubin-3-Oxime) inhibits Aβ oligomer-induced neuroinflammation, synaptic impairments, tau hyper-phosphorylation, activation of astrocytes and microglia, and attenuates Aβ oligomer-induced cognitive impairments in mice [1].
Pulchinenoside A is a natural triterpenoid saponin that enhances synaptic plasticity in the adult mouse hippocampus and facilitates spatial memory in adult mice.
Nomifensine is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increases the amount of synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine available to receptors by blocking the dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters.
JNJ16259685 is a selective antagonist of mGlu1 receptor, and inhibits the synaptic activation of mGlu1 in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 of 19 nM.
2,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetylasparagine is a potent and selective antagonist of glutamate. 2,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetylasparagine inhibits glutamate binding to rat brain synaptic membranes .
KYL peptide, an antagonistic peptide, selectively targets EphA4 receptor (IC50:4.22 μM, Kd:1.3 μM). KYL peptide binds to the ligand-binding domain of EphA4, effectively alleviates Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction and synaptic plasticity defects in AD mice. KYL peptide can promote nerve regeneration after injury and modulating immune responses .
Ziconotide (SNX-111), a peptide, is a potent and selective block of N-type calcium channels antagonist. Ziconotide reduces synaptic transmission, and can be used for chronic pain research .
Nomifensine-d3 (maleate) is the deuterium labeled Nomifensine maleate. Nomifensine is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increases the amount of synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine available to receptors by blocking the dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters.
Propofol-d17 is the deuterium labeled Propofol. Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties[1].
Malvidin-3-glucoside chloride (Malvidin-3-O-glucoside chloride), a major wine anthocyanin, is effective in promoting resilience against stress by modulating brain synaptic plasticity and peripheral inflammation .
PCC0208009 is a potent IDO inhibitor with an IC50 value of 4.52 nM in HeLa cell. PCC0208009 alleviates neuropathic pain and comorbidities by regulating synaptic plasticity of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala .
Melitracen hydrochloride is an orally active biphasic antidepressant and antianxiety agent. Melitracen hydrochloride can inhibit the uptake of Norepinephrine and 5-HT (serotonin) through the presynaptic membrane inducing the increase of monoamine transmitters in synaptic space .
D-SNAP (S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine) can Generate nitric oxide and form superoxides spontaneously under physiological conditions and is often used to probe the cell stress response and stimulate calcium-independent synaptic vesicle release.
Lobeline (α-Lobeline) hydrochloride is a brain-penetrant nicotinic receptor agonist. Lobeline hydrochloride increases dopamine (DA) release by inhibiting DA uptake into synaptic vesicles, and altering presynaptic DA storage. Lobeline hydrochloride is effective in smoking cessation .
Lobeline (α-Lobeline) is a brain-penetrant nicotinic receptor agonist. Lobeline increases dopamine (DA) release by inhibiting DA uptake into synaptic vesicles, and altering presynaptic DA storage. Lobeline is effective in smoking cessation .
Calcicludine is a protein toxin from the venom of the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps that inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channel, especially L-type calcium channel with the IC50 of 88 nM. Calcicludine has role in excitatory synaptic transmission .
Propofol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Propofol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties and is used for sedation and hypnotic .
RO-275 (compound 29) is a potent, selective and orally active HCN1 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.046, 14.3, 4.6, 13.9 µM for HCN1, HCN2, HCN3, HCN4, respectively. RO-275 rescues decremented working memory. RO-275 has the potential for the research of cognitive dysfunction in brain disorder .
Lobeline (α-Lobeline) sulfate is a brain-penetrant nicotinic receptor agonist. Lobeline sulfate increases dopamine (DA) release by inhibiting DA uptake into synaptic vesicles, and altering presynaptic DA storage. Lobeline sulfate is effective in smoking cessation .
Chlorpyrifos is a neurotoxic insecticide that belongs to the class of thionite esters. Chlorpyrifos is also a AChE inhibitor that affects neurological function in insects, humans and other animals. Chlorpyrifos interferes with cell replication and differentiation, ultimately altering synaptic transmission in neurons .
Neurogranin (48-76), mouse is a peptide corresponding to residues 48-76 of Neurogranin. Neurogranin, a calmodulin-binding protein, is exclusively expressed in the post-synapse, and mediates NMDAR driven synaptic plasticity by regulating the calcium-calmodulin (Ca 2+-CaM) pathway .
VCP171 is a potent adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) positive allosteric modulator (PAM). VCP171 is effective at decreasing excitatory synaptic currents in Lamina II of neuropathic pain model. VCP171 can be used for researching neuropathic pain .
Cis-piperidine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid is a non-specific antagonist of NMDA, AMPA and kainate ionotropic receptors and a partial agonist for NMDA receptors. Cis-piperidine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid can be used in blocking general excitatory synaptic transmissions .
Melitracen-d6 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Melitracen hydrochloride. Melitracen hydrochloride is an orally active biphasic antidepressant and antianxiety agent. Melitracen hydrochloride can inhibit the uptake of Norepinephrine and 5-HT (serotonin) through the presynaptic membrane inducing the increase of monoamine transmitters in synaptic space[1][2].
D-Leucine is a more potent anti-seizure agent than L-leucine. D-leucine potently terminates seizures even after the onset of seizure activity. D-leucine, but not L-leucine, reduces long-term potentiation but had no effect on basal synaptic transmission in vitro .
Diadenosine pentaphosphate pentaammonium is an endogenous vasoactive purine dinucleotide which has been isolated from thrombocytes. Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, n=2–7) have been identified as constituents of secretory vesicles such as in platelets, chromaffin cells, Torpedosynaptic terminals and brain synaptosomes .
Diadenosine pentaphosphate pentalithium is an endogenous vasoactive purine dinucleotide which has been isolated from thrombocytes. Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, n=2–7) have been identified as constituents of secretory vesicles such as in platelets, chromaffin cells, Torpedosynaptic terminals and brain synaptosomes .
Diadenosine pentaphosphate pentasodium is an endogenous vasoactive purine dinucleotide which has been isolated from thrombocytes. Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, n=2–7) have been identified as constituents of secretory vesicles such as in platelets, chromaffin cells, Torpedosynaptic terminals and brain synaptosomes .
Tulrampator (S-47445) is an orally active selective AMPA receptor modulator. Tulrampator possesses procognitive, enhancing synaptic plasticity, anti-depressant-anxiolytic-like, procognitive and potential neuroprotective properties. Tulrampator can be used for research of alzheimer’s disease and in major depressive disorder .
Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model .
CRF(6-33)(human) is a CRF binding protein (CRF-BP) ligand inhibitor. CRF(6-33)(human) competitively binds the CRF-BP but not the post-synaptic CRF receptors. CRF(6-33)(human) has anti-obesity effect .
D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor. D-Serinee has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration .
Monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4) is an enzyme composed of different polypeptides. Monoamine oxidation catalyzes the oxidative deamination of various biological amines in brain and peripheral tissues by producing hydrogen peroxide. Monoamine oxidase plays an important role in maintaining the regulation of synaptic transmission, emotional behavior and other brain functions .
CRF(6-33)(human) TFA is a CRF binding protein (CRF-BP) ligand inhibitor. CRF(6-33)(human) TFA competitively binds the CRF-BP but not the post-synaptic CRF receptors. CRF(6-33)(human) TFA has anti-obesity effect .
RTIL 13 is a potent inhibitor of dynamin GTPase, with an IC50 of 2.3 µM for dynamin I GTPase. RTIL 13 also targets pleckstrin homology lipid binding domain. RTIL 13 can inhibit receptor-mediated and synaptic vesicle endocytosis, with IC50s of 9.3 μM and 7.1 μM, respectively .
Sodium metatungstate (Sodium polyoxotungstate) is a NTPDase inhibitor, with Ki values of 2.58 μM, 3.26 μM, and 28.8 μM for NTPDase 1 (CD39), NTPDase 3 and NTPDase 2 respectively . Sodium metatungstate has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effect. Sodium metatungstate inhibits ATP breakdown but also blocks central synaptic transmission .
D-Leucine-d10 is the deuterium labeled D-Leucine. D-Leucine is a more potent anti-seizure agent than L-leucine. D-leucine potently terminates seizures even after the onset of seizure activity. D-leucine, but not L-leucine, reduces long-term potentiation but had no effect on basal synaptic transmission in vitro[1].
Pentapeptide-3 is a pentapeptide fragment of neurotoxin waglerin-1, it can be extracted from the venom of Temple Viper. Pentapeptide-3 is a competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), it can blocks nerves at the post-synaptic membrane. Pentapeptide-3 has anti-aging effects and it can be used together with other cosmetic peptides .
Colivelin is a brain penetrant neuroprotective peptide and a potent activator of STAT3, suppresses neuronal death by activating STAT3 in vitro . Colivelin exhibits long-term beneficial effects against neurotoxicity, Aβ deposition, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity deficits in neurodegenerative disease . Colivelin has the potential for the treatment of alzheimer's disease and ischemic brain injury
Tesofensine (NS-2330) is a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor inducing a potent inhibition of the re-uptake process in the synaptic cleft of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA; IC50=6.5 nM), norepinephrine (NE;IC50=1.7 nM), and serotonin (5-HT;IC50=11 nM), and with potentials as an anti-obesity agent . Tesofensine is a CNS acting anti-obesity agent .
VU 0240551 is a potent neuronal K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 inhibitor (IC50=560 nM) and is selective versus NKCC1. VU 0240551 also inhibits hERG and L-type Ca 2+ channels. VU 0240551 attenuates GABA-induced hyperpolarization of P cells, produces a positive shift in the P cell GABA reversal potential and enhances P cell synaptic transmission .
7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKA) is a potent and selective antagonist of the glycine B coagonist site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (IC50=0.56 μM). 7-Chlorokynurenic acid is also a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles with a Ki of 0.59 μM. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid has potent antinociceptive actions after neuraxial delivery .
7-Chlorokynurenic acid sodium salt (7-CKA sodium salt) is a potent and selective antagonist of the glycine B coagonist site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (IC50=0.56 μM). 7-Chlorokynurenic acid sodium salt is also a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles with a Ki of 0.59 μM. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid sodium salt has potent antinociceptive actions after neuraxial delivery .
Colivelin TFA is a brain penetrant neuroprotective peptide and a potent activator of STAT3, suppresses neuronal death by activating STAT3 in vitro . Colivelin TFA exhibits long-term beneficial effects against neurotoxicity, Aβ deposition, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity deficits in neurodegenerative disease . Colivelin TFA has the potential for the treatment of alzheimer's disease and ischemic brain injury .
β-Spaglumic acid (β-NAAG) is a competitive NAAG peptidase inhibitor (Ki=1 µM) that protects spinal cord neurons from excitotoxicity and hypoxic damage. β-Spaglumic acid is also a selective mGluR3 antagonist (mGluR3 receptor functions to regulate activity-dependent synaptic potentiation in the hippocampus). β-Spaglumic acid can be used in neuroprotection-related studies .
Telenzepine is an antimuscarinic agent with Kis of 0.94 nM (M1 mAChR) and 17.8 nM (M2 mAChR) binding to muscarinic receptors. Telenzepine effectively blocks synaptic transmission promoted by muscarinic or M1 receptor agonists. Thus, Telenzepine can reduce the amplitude of extracellular slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EC50=38 nM) and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EC50=253 nM) .
GZ-11608 is a potent and selective vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitor with high affinity (Ki = 25 nM). GZ-11608 decreases methamphetamine-induced dopamine release from isolated synaptic vesicles from brain dopaminergic neurons. GZ-11608 exhibits rapid brain penetration and without neurotoxicity. GZ-11608 can be used for the research of methamphetamine use disorder .
Rp-cAMPS triethylammonium salt, a cAMP analog, is a potent, competitive cAMP-induced activation of cAMP-dependent PKA I and II (Kis of 12.5 µM and 4.5 µM, respectively) antagonist. Rp-cAMPS triethylammonium salt is resistant to hydrolysis by phosphodiesterases .
Rp-cAMPS, a cAMP analog, is a potent, competitive cAMP-induced activation of cAMP-dependent PKA I and II (Kis of 12.5 µM and 4.5 µM, respectively) antagonist. Rp-cAMPS is resistant to hydrolysis by phosphodiesterases .
Rp-cAMPS sodium salt, a cAMP analog, is a potent, competitive cAMP-induced activation of cAMP-dependent PKA I and II (Kis of 12.5 µM and 4.5 µM, respectively) antagonist. Rp-cAMPS sodium salt is resistant to hydrolysis by phosphodiesterases .
PDE5-IN-10 (compound 4b) is a potent PDE5 inhibitor with an IC50 of 20 nM. PDE5-IN-10 improves in vitro microsomal stability (t1/2 = 44.6 min) as well as excellent efficacy in restoring long-term potentiation. PDE5-IN-10 can be used for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research .
RuBi-4AP, a derivative of 4-aminopyridine (4AP; HY-B0604), is a caged Kv channel blocker. RuBi-4AP contains a photolabile protecting group, allowing its effect to be controlled precisely in both space and time with light. RuBi-4AP can be used for the research of neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and signal propagation .
Aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) is an orally active neuroprotective agent, possessing nootropics effects. Aniracetam potentiates the ionotropic quisqualate (iQA) responses in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. Aniracetam also potentiates the excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in Schaffer collateral-commissural synapses. Aniracetam can prevents the CO2-induced impairment of acquisition in hypercapnia model rats. Aniracetam can be used to research cerebral dysfunctional disorders .
D-Serine-d3 ((R)-Serine-d3) is a deuterium labeled D-Serine (HY-100808). D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor. D-Serinee has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration .
SAR127303 is an orally active, selective, competitive monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) covalent inhibitor with IC50s of 3.8 nM and 29 nM for mouse and human MAGL, respectively. SAR127303 potently elevates hippocampal levels of 2-AG in mice. SAR127303 decreased long term potentiation (LTP) of CA1 synaptic transmission and acetylcholine release in the hippocampus. SAR127303 produces antinociceptive effects in assays of inflammatory and visceral pain. SAR127303 slows down epileptogenesis .
NAS181 is a potent and selective antagonist of rat 5-HT1B receptor, with a Ki of 47 nM. NAS181 shows 13-fold selectivity for r5-HT1B over bovine 5-HT1B receptor (Ki=630 nM). NAS181 increases the 5-HT turnover and the synaptic concentration of 5-HT by inhibiting terminal r5-HT1B autoreceptors .
[D-Ala2]-GIP (human) is a GIP receptor agonist. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) improves glucose tolerance. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) shows neuroprotective activity in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) also improves cognitive function and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in obese diabetic rats. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) can be used for research of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, etc
Itanapraced (CHF5074) is an orally active γ-secretase modulator and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory derivative. Itanapraced reduces Aβ42 and Aβ40 secretion with IC50 values of 3.6 and 18.4 μM, respectively. Itanapraced inhibits cell apoptosis of hippocampal neurons induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Itanapraced can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease .
UBP316 (ACET) is a highly potent and selective kainate receptor GluK1 (GluR5) antagonist, with a Kb value of 1.4 nM. UBP316 is effective at blocking the depression of both field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and monosynaptically-evoked GABAergic transmission induced by ATPA, a GluK1 selective agonist .
δ-Secretase inhibitor 11 (compound 11) is an orally active, potent, BBB-penetrated, non-toxic, selective and specific δ-secretase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.7 μM. δ-Secretase inhibitor 11 interacts with both the active site and allosteric site of δ-secretase. δ-Secretase inhibitor 11 attenuates tau and APP (amyloid precursor protein) cleavage. δ-Secretase inhibitor 11 ameliorates synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairments in tau P301S and 5XFAD transgenic mouse models. δ-Secretase inhibitor 11 can be used for Alzheimer's disease research .
TTK21 is an activator of the histone acetyltransferases CBP/p300. TTK21 passes the blood–brain barrier, induces no toxicity, and reaches different parts of the brain when conjugated to glucose-based carbon nanosphere (CSP). TTK21 has beneficial implications for the brain functions of neurogenesis and long-term memory .CSP-TTK21 can ameliorate Aβ-impaired long-term potentiation (LTP). CSP-TTK21 may enhance the transcription of genes that promote synaptic health and cognitive function . CSP-TTK21 is orally effective and leads to improvements in motor functions, histone acetylation dynamics in a spinal injury rat model .
DQP-997-74 (compound 2i) is a selective inhibitor of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), specifically targeting GluN2C/D (IC50: 0.069 μM and 0.035 μM), with blood-brain barrier penetrability. Where DQP refers to dihydroquinoline-pyrazoline. DQP-997-74 acts synergistically with the agonist glutamate to exhibit time-dependent enhanced potency in inhibiting hypersynchronous activity driven by high-frequency excitatory synaptic transmission. DQP-997-74 reduces the number of epileptogenesis in a murine model of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-induced epilepsy. DQP-997-74 can be used for research on NMDAR-related neurological diseases .
Lipids are a diverse and ubiquitous group of compounds which have many key biological functions, such as acting as structural components of cell membranes, serving as energy storage sources and participating in signaling pathways. Several studies suggest that bioactive lipids have effects on the treatment of some mental illnesses and metabolic syndrome. For example, DHA and EPA are important for monoaminergic neurotransmission, brain development and synaptic functioning, and are also correlated with a reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease in clinical and animal studies.
MCE supplies a unique collection of 1352 lipid and lipid derivative related compounds including triglycerides, phospholipids, sphingolipids, steroids and their structural analogues or derivatives. MCE lipid compound library can be used for research in bioactive lipids, and high throughput screening (HTS) and high content screening (HCS).
FM1-84 (Neurodye GH1-84) is a fluorescent dye. FM1-84 has lipophilic and facilitates association with membranes, resulting in an increase in fluorescence intensity (λex=510 nm, λem=625 nm). FM1-84 can be used for synaptic vesicle recycling in neurons research .
NerveGreen C3 is a cationic styrene based fluorescent dye. NerveGreen C3 can be used to track synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions or synapses .
D-SNAP (S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine) can Generate nitric oxide and form superoxides spontaneously under physiological conditions and is often used to probe the cell stress response and stimulate calcium-independent synaptic vesicle release.
Ziconotide acetate (SNX-111 acetate), a peptide, is a potent and selective block of N-type calcium channels antagonist. Ziconotide acetate reduces synaptic transmission, and can be used for chronic pain research .
TAT-GluA2 3Y, an interference peptide, blocks long-term depression (LTD) at glutamatergic synapses by disrupting the endocytosis of AMPAR. TAT-GluA2 3Y can alleviate Pentobarbital-induced spatial memory deficits and synaptic depression .
Leptin (116-130) is a bioactive leptin fragment. Leptin (116-130) promotes AMPA receptor trafficking to synapses and facilitate activity-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Leptin (116-130) prevents hippocampal synaptic disruption and neuronal cell death in models of amyloid toxicity. Leptin (116-130) has the potential for the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD) .
Ziconotide TFA (SNX-111 TFA), a peptide, is a potent and selective block of N-type calcium channels antagonist. Ziconotide TFA reduces synaptic transmission, and can be used for chronic pain research .
KYL peptide, an antagonistic peptide, selectively targets EphA4 receptor (IC50:4.22 μM, Kd:1.3 μM). KYL peptide binds to the ligand-binding domain of EphA4, effectively alleviates Aβ-induced synaptic dysfunction and synaptic plasticity defects in AD mice. KYL peptide can promote nerve regeneration after injury and modulating immune responses .
Neurogranin (48-76), human is a dominant endogenous peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissue. Neurogranin (48-76) is a potential biomarker for synaptic function in AD .
pep2-EVKI (YNVYGIEEVKI) is an inhibitor peptide that selectively blocks PICK1 interactions, caused the opposite effects on synaptic AMPAR function to PICK1 expression .
Calcicludine is a protein toxin from the venom of the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps that inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channel, especially L-type calcium channel with the IC50 of 88 nM. Calcicludine has role in excitatory synaptic transmission .
Neurogranin (48-76), mouse is a peptide corresponding to residues 48-76 of Neurogranin. Neurogranin, a calmodulin-binding protein, is exclusively expressed in the post-synapse, and mediates NMDAR driven synaptic plasticity by regulating the calcium-calmodulin (Ca 2+-CaM) pathway .
CRF(6-33)(human) is a CRF binding protein (CRF-BP) ligand inhibitor. CRF(6-33)(human) competitively binds the CRF-BP but not the post-synaptic CRF receptors. CRF(6-33)(human) has anti-obesity effect .
CRF(6-33)(human) TFA is a CRF binding protein (CRF-BP) ligand inhibitor. CRF(6-33)(human) TFA competitively binds the CRF-BP but not the post-synaptic CRF receptors. CRF(6-33)(human) TFA has anti-obesity effect .
Colivelin is a brain penetrant neuroprotective peptide and a potent activator of STAT3, suppresses neuronal death by activating STAT3 in vitro . Colivelin exhibits long-term beneficial effects against neurotoxicity, Aβ deposition, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity deficits in neurodegenerative disease . Colivelin has the potential for the treatment of alzheimer's disease and ischemic brain injury
Colivelin TFA is a brain penetrant neuroprotective peptide and a potent activator of STAT3, suppresses neuronal death by activating STAT3 in vitro . Colivelin TFA exhibits long-term beneficial effects against neurotoxicity, Aβ deposition, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity deficits in neurodegenerative disease . Colivelin TFA has the potential for the treatment of alzheimer's disease and ischemic brain injury .
[D-Ala2]-GIP (human) is a GIP receptor agonist. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) improves glucose tolerance. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) shows neuroprotective activity in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) also improves cognitive function and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in obese diabetic rats. [D-Ala2]-GIP (human) can be used for research of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, etc
Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties and is used for sedation and hypnotic .
Pulchinenoside A is a natural triterpenoid saponin that enhances synaptic plasticity in the adult mouse hippocampus and facilitates spatial memory in adult mice.
Malvidin-3-glucoside chloride (Malvidin-3-O-glucoside chloride), a major wine anthocyanin, is effective in promoting resilience against stress by modulating brain synaptic plasticity and peripheral inflammation .
Lobeline (α-Lobeline) hydrochloride is a brain-penetrant nicotinic receptor agonist. Lobeline hydrochloride increases dopamine (DA) release by inhibiting DA uptake into synaptic vesicles, and altering presynaptic DA storage. Lobeline hydrochloride is effective in smoking cessation .
Calcicludine is a protein toxin from the venom of the green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps that inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channel, especially L-type calcium channel with the IC50 of 88 nM. Calcicludine has role in excitatory synaptic transmission .
Propofol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Propofol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties and is used for sedation and hypnotic .
Lobeline (α-Lobeline) sulfate is a brain-penetrant nicotinic receptor agonist. Lobeline sulfate increases dopamine (DA) release by inhibiting DA uptake into synaptic vesicles, and altering presynaptic DA storage. Lobeline sulfate is effective in smoking cessation .
Diadenosine pentaphosphate pentaammonium is an endogenous vasoactive purine dinucleotide which has been isolated from thrombocytes. Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, n=2–7) have been identified as constituents of secretory vesicles such as in platelets, chromaffin cells, Torpedosynaptic terminals and brain synaptosomes .
Diadenosine pentaphosphate pentalithium is an endogenous vasoactive purine dinucleotide which has been isolated from thrombocytes. Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, n=2–7) have been identified as constituents of secretory vesicles such as in platelets, chromaffin cells, Torpedosynaptic terminals and brain synaptosomes .
Diadenosine pentaphosphate pentasodium is an endogenous vasoactive purine dinucleotide which has been isolated from thrombocytes. Diadenosine polyphosphates (ApnA, n=2–7) have been identified as constituents of secretory vesicles such as in platelets, chromaffin cells, Torpedosynaptic terminals and brain synaptosomes .
Scyllo-Inositol, an amyloid inhibitor, potentialy inhibits α-synuclein aggregation. Scyllo-Inositol stabilizes a non-fibrillar non-toxic form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42) in vitro, reverses cognitive deficits, and reduces synaptic toxicity and lowers amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model .
CADM1/IGSF4A proteins coordinate Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell adhesion with CADM3 and NECTIN3. Interaction with CRTAM enhances NK cell cytotoxicity and CD8+ T cell function. CADM1/IGSF4A Protein, Mouse (341a.a, HEK293, His) is the recombinant mouse-derived CADM1/IGSF4A protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of CADM1/IGSF4A Protein, Mouse (341a.a, HEK293, His) is 341 a.a., with molecular weight of 60-100 kDa.
SYNGAP1 protein is a major postsynaptic density component that plays a critical regulatory role in the Ras-cAMP pathway, affecting synaptic function and plasticity. At excitatory synapses, it is part of the NMDAR signaling complex and may influence NMDAR-dependent control of AMPAR potentiation, trafficking, and synaptic plasticity. SYNGAP1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived SYNGAP1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-His labeled tag. The total length of SYNGAP1 Protein, Human (His) is 183 a.a., with molecular weight of ~25.5 kDa.
CADM3 Protein is crucial for cell-cell adhesion through calcium-independent homophilic and heterophilic interactions with IGSF4, NECTIN1, and NECTIN3. It can regulate cell-cell junctions through its interaction with EPB41L1. CADM3 Protein forms homodimers and trans-heterodimers with NECTIN3, and interacts with EPB41L1, DLG3, PALS2, and CASK. CADM3 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is the recombinant human-derived CADM3 protein, expressed by HEK293 , with C-6*His labeled tag. The total length of CADM3 Protein, Human (HEK293, His) is 306 a.a., with molecular weight of 35-42 kDa.
The SYP/synaptophysin protein may have a dual role: organizing membrane components and aiding in vesicle targeting. Its role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity emphasizes its importance in shaping synaptic activity. SYP/Synaptophysin Protein, Rat (Cell-Free, His) is the recombinant rat-derived SYP/Synaptophysin protein, expressed by E. coli Cell-free , with N-10*His labeled tag. The total length of SYP/Synaptophysin Protein, Rat (Cell-Free, His) is 307 a.a., with molecular weight of 34.8 kDa.
D-Leucine-d10 is the deuterium labeled D-Leucine. D-Leucine is a more potent anti-seizure agent than L-leucine. D-leucine potently terminates seizures even after the onset of seizure activity. D-leucine, but not L-leucine, reduces long-term potentiation but had no effect on basal synaptic transmission in vitro[1].
Nomifensine-d3 (maleate) is the deuterium labeled Nomifensine maleate. Nomifensine is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increases the amount of synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine available to receptors by blocking the dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters.
Propofol-d17 is the deuterium labeled Propofol. Propofol potently and directly activates GABAA receptor and inhibits glutamate receptor mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Propofol has antinociceptive properties[1].
Melitracen-d6 (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Melitracen hydrochloride. Melitracen hydrochloride is an orally active biphasic antidepressant and antianxiety agent. Melitracen hydrochloride can inhibit the uptake of Norepinephrine and 5-HT (serotonin) through the presynaptic membrane inducing the increase of monoamine transmitters in synaptic space[1][2].
D-Serine-d3 ((R)-Serine-d3) is a deuterium labeled D-Serine (HY-100808). D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid involved in glia-synapse interactions that has unique neurotransmitter characteristics, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor. D-Serinee has a cardinal modulatory role in major NMDAR-dependent processes including NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic plasticity, and cell migration .
SYP; Synaptophysin; Major synaptic vesicle protein p38
WB, IHC-P
Human, Mouse, Rat
Synaptophysin Antibody (YA664) is a non-conjugated and Mouse origined monoclonal antibody about 34 kDa, targeting to Synaptophysin (10C8). It can be used for WB,IHC-P assays with tag free, in the background of Human, Mouse, Rat.
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