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  4. Monocrotaline

Monocrotaline  (Synonyms: Crotaline)

Cat. No.: HY-N0750 Purity: 98.08%
COA Handling Instructions

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 µM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8].

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Monocrotaline Chemical Structure

Monocrotaline Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 315-22-0

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Solid + Solvent
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
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Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO USD 83 In-stock
Solid
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100 mg USD 110 In-stock
200 mg USD 200 In-stock
500 mg USD 450 In-stock
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Customer Review

Based on 15 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Top Publications Citing Use of Products
  • Biological Activity

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Monocrotaline inhibits OCT-1 and OCT-2 with IC50s of 36.8 µM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline has antitumor activity and is cytotoxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Monocrotaline is used to induce a model of pulmonary hypertension in rodents. [2][6][8].

IC50 & Target[8]

OCT1

36.8 μM (IC50)

OCT2

1852.6 μM (IC50)

In Vitro

Monocrotaline a natural ligand exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity with potent antineoplastic activity. The in vitro cytotoxicity of monocrotaline is proved at IC50 24.966 µg/mL and genotoxicity at 2 X IC50 against HepG2 cells[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay[2]

Cell Line: HepG2 cells
Concentration: 25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL
Incubation Time: 48 h
Result: Induced apoptosis rate was dose-dependent.
In Vivo

Monocrotaline can be used in animal modeling to construct a rat model of hypertension.

MCT causes a pulmonary vascular syndrome in rats characterized by proliferative pulmonary vasculitis, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and cor pulmonale[3].
Among preclinical models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), monocrotaline animal model offers the advantage of mimic several key aspects of human PAH, including vascular remodeling, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, endothelial dysfunction, upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, and right ventricle failure, requiring a single drug injection[4].
Changes in multiple pathways associated with the development of PH, including activated glycolysis, increased markers of proliferation, disruptions in carnitine homeostasis, increased inflammatory and fibrosis biomarkers, and a reduction in glutathione biosynthesis are observed with the injection of monocrotaline[5].
Monocrotaline (60 mg/kg; i.p.; single dose), significantly increases pulmonary artery pressure and promotes pulmonary artery structural remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. Followed by Astragaloside (ASIV) (10 and 30 mg/kg/day for 21 days), ASIV blocks pulmonary arterial hypertension by improving inflammation and pulmonary artery remodeling[7].
Monocrotaline (60 mg/kg; i.p.; single dose) causes Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in rat models in 3-4 weeks[7].
Monocrotaline (60 mg/kg; i.p. Single dose), 7 days after surgery, exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity and shows potent antitumor activity in a rat model of left pneumonectomy [9].
NOTE: Monocrotaline is dissolved in 1 N HCl, diluted in sterile saline and adjusted to pH 7.4 with 1 N NaOH[7].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial
Molecular Weight

325.36

Formula

C16H23NO6

CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

O=C(O[C@]1([H])CCN2[C@]1([H])C(CO3)=CC2)[C@H](C)[C@@](C)(O)[C@@](C)(O)C3=O

Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

1M HCl : 200 mg/mL (614.70 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 25 mg/mL (76.84 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H2O : 2 mg/mL (6.15 mM; Need ultrasonic)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 3.0735 mL 15.3676 mL 30.7352 mL
5 mM 0.6147 mL 3.0735 mL 6.1470 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  5% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    50% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.68 mM); Clear solution

  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  5% DMSO    95% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.68 mM); Suspended solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: 4.17 mg/mL (12.82 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C

  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  20% HP-β-CD in Saline

    Solubility: 21 mg/mL (64.54 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 53°C

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
%
DMSO +
+
%
Tween-80 +
%
Saline
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 98.08%

References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
H2O / DMSO / 1M HCl 1 mM 3.0735 mL 15.3676 mL 30.7352 mL 76.8380 mL
5 mM 0.6147 mL 3.0735 mL 6.1470 mL 15.3676 mL
DMSO / 1M HCl 10 mM 0.3074 mL 1.5368 mL 3.0735 mL 7.6838 mL
15 mM 0.2049 mL 1.0245 mL 2.0490 mL 5.1225 mL
20 mM 0.1537 mL 0.7684 mL 1.5368 mL 3.8419 mL
25 mM 0.1229 mL 0.6147 mL 1.2294 mL 3.0735 mL
30 mM 0.1025 mL 0.5123 mL 1.0245 mL 2.5613 mL
40 mM 0.0768 mL 0.3842 mL 0.7684 mL 1.9209 mL
50 mM 0.0615 mL 0.3074 mL 0.6147 mL 1.5368 mL
60 mM 0.0512 mL 0.2561 mL 0.5123 mL 1.2806 mL
1M HCl 80 mM 0.0384 mL 0.1921 mL 0.3842 mL 0.9605 mL
100 mM 0.0307 mL 0.1537 mL 0.3074 mL 0.7684 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

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