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Tyrosinase-IN-18 (compound 6) is a potenttyrosinase inhibitor. Tyrosinase-IN-18 has strong antioxidant activities against ROS, ABTS+, and DPPH radicals .
Tyrosinase-IN-19 (compound 9) is a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor. Tyrosinase-IN-19 has strong antioxidant activities against ROS, ABTS+, and DPPH radicals. Tyrosinase-IN-19 suppresses tyrosinase expression in a dose-dependent manner .
Tyrosinase-IN-5 (compound 16c) is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase with an IC50 of 0.02 μM. Tyrosinase-IN-5 efficiently suppresses the melanogenesis without significant toxicity on cells .
Tyrosinase-IN-23 (Compd 11m) is a tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 55.39±4.93 µM. Tyrosinase-IN-23 can be used for research of melanin biosynthesis .
Tyrosinase-IN-11 is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 64 nM for L-tyrosinase and L-dopa, respectively. Tyrosinase-IN-11 has significant antioxidant activity and low cytotoxicity. Tyrosinase-IN-11 has the potential for skin hyperpigmentation research .
Tyrosinase-IN-14 (compound 7m) is a tyrosinase inhibitor that reduces the catalytic activity of tyrosinase by changing its secondary structure. Tyrosinase-IN-14 has low cytotoxicity and anti-browning activity in fruits. Tyrosinase-IN-14 effectively inhibits banana browning during storage .
Tyrosinase (206-214), human (AFLPWHRLF), a 9-amino acid peptide, is a tyrosinase epitope. Tyrosinase (206-214), human can be recognized by HLA-A24 restricted, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) .
Tyrosinase-IN-22 (compound 4) is an inhibitor of tyrosinase substrates (L-tyrosine and L-dopa) with IC50s of 60 nM and 30 nM, respectively. Tyrosinase-IN-22 also shows potent antioxidant and anti-melanogenic properties, thus can be used for relevant researches .
Tyrosinase-IN-3 (compound 54) is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. Tyrosinase-IN-3 has the potential for the research of skin whitening agents and food preservatives .
Tyrosinase-IN-4 (compound 34) is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. Tyrosinase-IN-4 has the potential for the research of skin whitening agents and food preservatives .
Tyrosinase-IN-1 (compound 90) is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. Tyrosinase-IN-1 has the potential for the research of skin whitening agents and food preservatives .
Tyrosinase-IN-2 (compound 67) is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing metalloenzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting catalytic step in the melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning. Tyrosinase-IN-2 has the potential for the research of skin whitening agents and food preservatives .
Tyrosinase-IN-13 (compound 3c), a derivative of Flurbiprofen (HY-10582), is a potent, non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor (IC50=68 μM; Ki=36.3 μM). Tyrosinase-IN-13 is cytotoxic against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colorectal cancer (HT-29), and melanoma (B16F10) .
Non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor (Tyrosinase-IN-12) is a potent, non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 49.33 ± 2.64 µM and Ki value of 31.25 ± 0.25 µM. Non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor (Tyrosinase-IN-12) have the highest radical scavenging activity to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with an IC50 value of 25.39 ± 0.77 µM. Non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor (Tyrosinase-IN-12) can be used for anti-browning substances in the food and agricultural sectors .
Tyrosinase-IN-26 (compound 13) is a uncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with the an IC50 value of 68.86 µM. Tyrosinase-IN-26 can suppresses melanogenesis .
Tyrosinase-IN-10 (Compound 23) is a partially competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.6 μM against tyrosinase activity from human melanoma cell lysates .
Tyrosinase-IN-16 (compound 19a) is a tyrosine kinase (Tyrosinase) inhibitor with Ki=470 nM. Tyrosinase-IN-16 is cytotoxic to B16F10 cells, with >90% inhibition at 20 μM .
Tyrosinase-IN-17 (Compound 5b) is a lipophilic, skin-permeable, and non-cytotoxic Tyrosinase inhibitor (pIC50=4.99). Tyrosinase-IN-17 can be used for research on melanin-related diseases, such as melanoma, melanogenesis, etc .
Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) (Polyphenol oxidase) is a rate-limiting enzyme that controls the production of melanin and is encoded by TYR gene. Tyrosinase is mainly found in melanosomes synthesized by skin melanocytes .
Kurarinol is a flavanone found in the root of Sophora flavescens. Kurarinol is a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor, with IC50 of 0.1 μM for mushroom tyrosinase .
Persiconin is a tyrosinase Inhibitor. Persiconin can be isolated from Prunus persica. Persiconin has tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 46% at 500 μM. Persiconin can be used in whitening research .
4-Ethylresorcinol, a derivative of resorcinol, can act as substrates of tyrosinase. 4-Ethylresorcinol possess hypopigmentary effects. 4-Ethylresorcinol attenuates mRNA and protein expression of tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-2, and possessed antioxidative effect by inhibiting lipid peroxidation .
Tetrapeptide-30 is a skin-brightening peptide consisting of four amino acids. Tetrapeptide-30 can act as a tyrosinase inhibitor, lightening hyperpigmentation and evening out skin tone by reducing the amount of tyrosinase and inhibiting melanocyte activation .
Dihydroaltenuene B is a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 38.33 µM. Dihydroaltenuene B shows the hydrogen bonding interactions between the 3-OH and 4’-OH and the His244, Met280 and Gly281 residues of tyrosinase .
β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol .
Decapeptide-12, a small oligopeptide, is a tyrosinase inhibitor that interacts with C-terminal residue of tyrosinase (Kd: 61.1 μM). Decapeptide-12 is a competitive inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase (IC50: 40 µM). Decapeptide-12 also increases transcription of SIRT. Decapeptide-12 reduces melanin content in melanocytes. Decapeptide-12 is used for the research of melanogenesis, senescence, inflammation .
Polyphyllin C (compound 2) is a spirostanol saponin. Polyphyllin C exhibits mild (IC50=36.87 µM) activities against the tyrosinase and moderate (IC50=1.59 µg/mL) antileishmanial activities .
6-Hydroxykaempferol, a flavonoid, is a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 124 μM. 6-Hydroxykaempferol has a Ki value of 148 μM relative to L-DOPA as a substrate and effectively inhibits the activity of the enzyme by binding to the active site of the enzyme .
Phaeosphaone D is a thiodiketopiperazine alkaloid compound isolated from Phaeosphaeria fuckelii, an endophytic fungus. Phaeosphaone D displays mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 33.2 μM .
Broussonin C is a competitive inhibitor of Tyrosinase that can be isolated from Broussonetia kazinoki. Broussonin C inhibits monophenolase and diphenolase with IC50s of 0.43 and 0.57 μM, respectively .
Tropolone is a Tropone derivative with a hydroxyl group at the 2-position, and is the precursor of many Azulene derivatives, such as 2-methylazulene-1-carboxylate. Tropolone is a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.4 μM. Its inhibitory effect can be achieved by dialysis or excess CU 2+ Reversal .
(±)-Eriodictyol ((±)-Huazhongilexone), a flavonoid, is a potent melanogenesis inhibitor with an IC50 of 48 μM. (±)-Eriodictyol suppresses tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 mRNA expression. (±)-Eriodictyol has strong anti-plasmin activities .
D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth .
3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine hydrobromide (NSC 263475 hydrobromide) is an improved dopamine analog cytotoxic and inhibits DNA polymerase activity in melanoma cells . 3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine hydrobromide (NSC 263475 hydrobromide) displays growth inhibitory activity in melanoma cell lines with varying degrees of tyrosinase activity .
2,3-Dihydroisoginkgetin, a biflavonoid, is a inhibitor of Tyrosinase, with 36.84% inhibition at 0.1 mM. 2,3-Dihydroisoginkgetin shows less toxicity in HEMn (human epidermal melanocytes) cells, with an IC50 of 86.16 μM .
4-Isopropylbenzoic acid, an aromatic monoterpenoid, is isolated from the stem bark of Bridelia retusa. 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid exhibits antifungal activities. 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid is also a reversible and uncompetitive inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase .
MtTMPK-IN-4 (compound 2), a para-piperidine, is a potent mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate kinase (MtTMPK) inhibitor with an IC50 of 6.1 μM. MtTMPK-IN-4 is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor. MtTMPK-IN-4 is a potent antibacterial agent .
(-)-Isodocarpin (Isodocarpin), a diterpenoid, is a potent melanogenesis inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.19 μM in B16 4A5 cells. (-)-Isodocarpin inhibits the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosine-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 mRNA .
Prolylserine, a dipeptide, is an inhibitor of melanogenesis production in Mel-Ab cells. Prolylserine decreases expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase, induces phorphosylation of ERK, but not cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) .
Norartocarpetin is a tyrosinase inhibitor. Norartocarpetin has strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.47 μM. Norartocarpetin as an antibrowning agent can be used for the research of food systems. Norartocarpetin also has a significant anticancer activity in lung carcinoma cells (NCI-H460) with an IC50 value of 22 μM. Norartocarpetin has antiproliferative effects are mediated via targeting Ras/Raf/MAPK signalling pathway, mitochondrial mediated apoptosis, S-phase cell cycle arrest and suppression of cell migration and invasion in human lung carcinoma cells .
Isolindleyin, a butyrophenone, is a tyrosinase inhibitor, with a Kd of 54.8 μM for human tyrosinase. Isolindleyin exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-melanogenic activities .
Methyl rosmarinate is a noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor which is isolated from Rabdosia serra, with an IC50 of 0.28 mM for mushroom tyrosinase, and also inhibits a-glucosidase .
Swertiajaponin is a tyrosinase inhibitor, forms multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with the binding pocket of tyrosinase, with an IC50 of 43.47 μM. Swertiajaponin also inhibits oxidative stress-mediated MAPK/MITF signaling, leading to decrease in tyrosinase protein level. Swertiajaponin suppresses melanin accumulation and exhibits strong anti-oxidative activity .
Kushenol A (Leachianone E) is isolated from the root of Sophora flavescent. Kushenol A is a non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor to block the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA, shows IC50 and Kivalues of 1.1 μM and 0.4 μM, respectively . Kushenol A is a flavonoid antioxidant, has inhibitory effects on alpha-glucosidase (IC50: 45 μM; Ki: 6.8 μM) and β-amylase . Kushenol A is confirmed as potential inhibitors of enzymes targeted by cosmetics for skin whitening and aging .
(R)-Trolox is a vitamin E analogue and a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with a Ki value of 0.83 mM and a ID50 value of 1.88 mM . The (R)-Trolox has stronger tyrosinase affinity than the (S) enantiomer (Ki value of 0.61 mM) .
Neorauflavane is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor derived from Campylotropis hirtella, with an IC50 value of 30 nM for tyrosinase monophenolase activity and an IC50 value of 500 nM for diphenolase activity. Neorauflavane can effectively reduce the melanin content of B16 melanoma cells .
5-epi-Arvestonate A is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from the whole plants of Seriphidium transiliense. 5-epi-Arvestonate A promotes melanogenic production by activating the transcription of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase family genes. 5-epi-Arvestonate A inhibits the expression of IFN-γ-chemokine through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells .
Benzoyloxypaeoniflorin, isolated from the root of Paeonia suffruticosa, is a tyrosinase inhibitor against mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 of 0.453 mM. Benzoyloxypaeoniflorin is NF-κB Inhibitor and contributes to improving blood circulation through its inhibitory effect on both platelet aggregation and blood coagulation .
Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 µM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 µM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects .
Deoxyarbutin can effectively inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis, thereby achieving significant and lasting whitening effects, and has a strong antioxidant effect.
Glycolic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Glycolic acid. Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Glycolic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycolic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Gnetol is a phenolic compound isolated from the root of Gnetum montanum . Gnetol potently inhibits COX-1 (IC50 of 0.78 μM) and HDAC. Gnetol is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.5 μM for murine tyrosinase and suppresses melanin biosynthesis. Gnetol has antioxidant, antiproliferative, anticancer and hepatoprotective activity. Gnetol also possesses concentration-dependent α-Amylase, α-glucosidase, and adipogenesis activities .
Dodoviscin A is a pigmentation-altering agent, which can be isolated from the aerial parts of Dodonaea viscosa. Dodoviscin A inhibits melanin production in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Dodoviscin A suppresses mushroom tyrosinase activity, and tyrosinase activity induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Dodoviscin A also inhibits the phorphosylation of cAMP response element binding protein, induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and forskolin .
Oxyresveratrol 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic compound isolated from Morus nigra root and is an effective tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 29.75 μM .
Oxyresveratrol 3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic compound isolated from Morus nigra root and is an effective tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.64 μM .
Aloesin (Aloeresin) is a tyrosinase inhibitor, and shows anti-inflammatory activity, ultraviolet protection, and antibacterium effects. Aloesin can induce apoptosis and be used in ovarian cancer research .
Furomollugin is a natural product with antioxidant and antibacterial activities, can be isolated from Rubia cordifolia. Furomollugin lacks potent anti-tyrosinase activity, but also exhibits significant anticancer property .
Dalbergioidin, a well-known anthocyanin, ameliorates doxorubicin-induced renal fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β signal pathway. Dalbergioidin exhibits tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 20 mM .
β-Sitostenone is a sterols that can be isolated from Cochlospermum vitifolium.β-Sitostenone inhibits tyrosinase activity, and has anti-melanogenic and anti-tumor activities .
Chlorophorin is a inhibitor of Melanocortin Receptor. Chlorophorin reduces tyrosinase activity and inhibits a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells .
4-Chlorocinnamic acid has inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. 4-Chlorocinnamic acid has antibacterial activity. 4-Chlorocinnamic acid also inhibits Colletotrichum gloeosporioides growth .
3-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (DPPacid) is a potent and competitive tyrosinase inhibitor, inhibits L-Tyrosine and DL-DOPA with an IC50 and a Ki of 3.02 μM and 11.5 μM, respectively .
Methyl linoleate, a major active constituent of Sageretia thea fruit (HFSF), is a major anti-melanogenic compound. Methyl linoleate downregulates microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase-related proteins .
3,5-Difluoro-L-tyrosine is a functional, tyrosinase-resistant mimetic of tyrosine. 3,5-Difluoro-L-tyrosine can be used to analyze the substrate specificity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) .
3-O-Ethyl-L-ascorbic acid, a stable vitamin C derivative, is a cosmetic tyrosinase tnhibitor with a whitening capacity. 3-O-Ethyl-L-ascorbic acid also has antioxidant abilities .
Trifolirhizin is a pterocarpan flavonoid isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Trifolirhizin possesses potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 506 μM . Trifolirhizin exhibits potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities .
Glycolic acid- 13C2 is the 13C-labeled Glycolic acid (HY-W015967). Glycolic acid- 13C2 is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor . 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, an isomer of Vanillin, could be used to synthesis Urolithin M7
6-Acetylnimbandiol (6-O-Acetylnimbandiol) is a non-cytotoxic tyrosinase inhibitor (IC50=69.85 μM) that effectively inhibits melanin production and MITF expression. 6-Acetylnimbandiol can be used in melanoma research .
Mulberroside F is one of the main bioactive constituents in mulberry (Morus alba L.) . Mulberroside F shows inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and on the melanin formation. Mulberroside F also exhibits superoxide scavenging activity that is involved in the protection against auto-oxidation .
Chlorogenic acid butyl ester, a caffeoylquinic acid, is a potent melanogenesis inhibitor. Chlorogenic acid butyl ester inhibits the expression of microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinerelated protein 1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2. Chlorogenic acid butyl ester also shows antioxidant activity .
Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .
Medicagenic acid (Castanogenin) is isolated from the roots of Herniaria glabra, exhibits potent fungistatic effects against several plant pathogens and human dermatophytes . Medicagenic acid (Castanogenin) has low enzyme inhibitory activities, the target enzymes are xanthine oxidase, collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, ChE .
Kojic acid dipalmitate (Kojic dipalmitate) is a derivative of Kojic acid (HY-W050154), a fungal metabolite that can be produced by species of Aspergillus, Acetobacter and Penicillium. Kojic acid dipalmitate is a slow and reversible competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase. Kojic acid dipalmitate can be used for skin‐lightening agent research .
2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .
Calcium 2-oxoglutarate is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. Calcium 2-oxoglutarate also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. Calcium 2-oxoglutarate is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .
(±)-Taxifolin ((±)-Dihydroquercetin) is the racemate of Taxifolin. Taxifolin exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
Artocarpin is an isoprenoid-substituted flavonoid, that can be isolated from the wood of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Artocarpin inhibits melanin biosynthesis in B16 melanoma cells without inhibiting tyrosinase. The presence of the isoprenoid-substituted moiety enhanced the inhibitory activity on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells .
3,4-Dimethoxyphenol is a plant-derived phenylpropanoid compound and can use as a whitening agent in cosmetics. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenol has tyrosinase-inhibiting activity . 3,4-Dimethoxyphenol has potent antioxidant effect isolated from the bacterial fermentation broth .
3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (3,4-DHAP), isolated from Picea Schrenkiana Needles exhibits a strong suppressive action against tyrosinase activity, with an IC50 of 10 μM. 3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (3,4-DHAP) is a vasoactive agent and antioxidant .
(-)-Taxifolin is the less active enantiomer of Taxifolin. Taxifolin exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
Taxiphyllin (2R-Taxiphyllin) is a plant cyanogenic glycoside, which exhibits inhibitory activity for tyrosinase . Taxiphyllin exhibits cytotoxicity in BRL-3A cellls with an IC50 of 18.75 μm and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus with an EC50 of 0.96 μM .
Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg/mL, and also inhibits tyrosinase activity. Isoastilbin shows neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties and has the potential for Alzheimer’s disease research .
D-Tyrosine-d2 is the deuterium labeled D-Tyrosine. D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth[1][2].
D-Tyrosine-d4 is the deuterium labeled D-Tyrosine. D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth[1][2].
D-Tyrosine-d7 is the deuterium labeled D-Tyrosine. D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth[1][2].
Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents . Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties .
Validamycin A, a fungicidal, is an agricultural antibiotic. Validamycin A is originally isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoneus. Validamycin A inhibits the growth of A. flavus, with a MIC of 1 μg/mL . Validamycin A shows potent inhibitory activity against trehalase of Rhizoctonia solani, with an IC50 of 72 μM . Validamycin A is a reversible tyrosinase inhibitor, with a Ki of 5.893 mM .
Taxifolin-d3 is deuterium labeled Taxifolin. Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2].
(rel)-β-Tocopherol is a relative configuration of β-Tocopherol.(±)-β-Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin E with antioxidant activity. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol .
Cepharadione B (compound 22) is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Piper sanctum. Cepharadione B is a tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 170 μM, and inhibits cell growth in A-549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF-498 and HCT-15 cells .
Flanvotumab (IMC-20D7S) is a human monoclonal antibody targeting to tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP1), specifically expressed in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Flanvotumab acts function via natural killing-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Flanvotumab has potent anti-tumor activity and good tolerance .
β-Tocopherol-d3 is the deuterium labeled β-Tocopherol. β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol can also prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1][2][3].
Ac-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH (4-10)-NH2 is a melanotropin, a melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Ac-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH (4-10)-NH2 stimulates tyrosinase and exhibits thermoregulatory effect in rats model .
Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate), an active component of Zanthoxylum armatum, is a widely used natural flavor compound. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) possesses antimicrobial activity and is a tyrosinase inhibitor that can prevent food browning. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) has antiadipogenic activity through mechanisms mediated, in part, by the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway .
Arbutin-d4 is deuterium labeled Arbutin. Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase in melanocytes, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3].
2-Ketoglutaric acid- 13C5 is the 13C labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid[1]. 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM)[2].
2-Ketoglutaric acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid[1]. 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM)[2].
2-Ketoglutaric acid-d6 is the deuterium labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid[1]. 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM)[2].
Mulberroside A is one of the main bioactive constituent in mulberry (Morus alba L.) . Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1, and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, exhibiting anti-inflammatory antiapoptotic effects . Mulberroside A shows inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of 53.6 μM .
(±)-Taxifolin-13C3 ((±)-Dihydroquercetin-13C3) is a derivative of (±)-Taxifolin, labeled with 13C3. (±)-Taxifolin is the racemate of Taxifolin. Taxifolin exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
2-Ketoglutaric acid- 13C (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid- 13C) is a 13C labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid (HY-W013636) . 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .
(Nle4)-α-MSH is a synthetic analogue of α-MSH (HY-P0252), a melanocyte-stimulating hormone. (Nle4)-α-MSH reversibly darkens frog skins and also exhibits prolonged activity after heat-alkali treatment .
cis-Mulberroside A (Mulberroside D) is the cis-isomer of Mulberroside A. Mulberroside A is one of the main bioactive constituent in mulberry (Morus alba L.) . Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1, and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects . Mulberroside A shows inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of 53.6 μM .
Cajanin is a potent and orally active anti-melanogenic agent. Cajanin shows antiproliferative activity in MNT1 Cells. Cajanin efficiently decreases the melanin content. Cajanin down-regulates the mRNA and protein expression levels of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1 and Dct (TRP-2). Cajanin induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M and S phase. Cajanin stimulates osteoblast proliferation. Cajanin has the potential for the research of human hyperpigmented disorders and menopausal osteoporosis .
Tyramide Amplification Buffer is a ready-to-use buffer primarily intended for immunostaining of cells and tissues by the technique of tyramide signal amplification (TSA). TSA Technology is based on a tyrosinase labeling system that reacts a tyrosine-labeled antibody with a fluorescently labeled tyramide using peroxidase to form a highly amplified fluorescent signal. For example, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) can catalyze the reaction of tyrosine and hydrogen peroxide under milder conditions to generate epoxy groups. Epoxy groups promote the binding of tyramide to adjacent amino acids to form fluorescently labeled products .
ent-11α-Hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid is an anti-melanin synthesis tyrosinase inhibitor, which can be isolated from Pteris fern. ent-11α-Hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid regulates the melanogenesis transcription factor microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). The 11α-OH, 15-oxo and 16-en moieties of ent-11α-Hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid are key fragments that inhibit melanin synthesis. The 19-COOH moiety has been implicated in the inhibition of cytotoxicity associated with 11α-OH KA and related compounds .
Tyramide Amplification Buffer is a ready-to-use buffer primarily intended for immunostaining of cells and tissues by the technique of tyramide signal amplification (TSA). TSA Technology is based on a tyrosinase labeling system that reacts a tyrosine-labeled antibody with a fluorescently labeled tyramide using peroxidase to form a highly amplified fluorescent signal. For example, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) can catalyze the reaction of tyrosine and hydrogen peroxide under milder conditions to generate epoxy groups. Epoxy groups promote the binding of tyramide to adjacent amino acids to form fluorescently labeled products .
Tyrosinase (206-214), human (AFLPWHRLF), a 9-amino acid peptide, is a tyrosinase epitope. Tyrosinase (206-214), human can be recognized by HLA-A24 restricted, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) .
Tyrosinase-related Protein 2 (TRP-2) (181-188) is a tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2)-derived peptide, corresponding to residues 180-188. Tyrosinase-related Protein 2 (TRP-2) (181-188) is the major reactive epitope within TRP-2 recognized by anti-B16 CTLs. Tyrosinase-related Protein 2 (TRP-2) (181-188) is a peptide conforming to the MHC class I H2-Kb binding motif .
Tetrapeptide-30 is a skin-brightening peptide consisting of four amino acids. Tetrapeptide-30 can act as a tyrosinase inhibitor, lightening hyperpigmentation and evening out skin tone by reducing the amount of tyrosinase and inhibiting melanocyte activation .
Tyrosinase (192-200), human mouse is a nonapeptide. Tyrosinase (192-200), human mouse can be recognized by cytolytic T cell (CTL) on the HLA-B44 molecule. Tyrosinase (192-200), human mouse can be used in research of melanoma associated cancers .
Tyrosinase 369-377, human is a HLA-A2.1-restricted epitope derived from tyrosinase, has been used to develop tumor-targeted vaccines with mixed efficacy .
Decapeptide-12, a small oligopeptide, is a tyrosinase inhibitor that interacts with C-terminal residue of tyrosinase (Kd: 61.1 μM). Decapeptide-12 is a competitive inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase (IC50: 40 µM). Decapeptide-12 also increases transcription of SIRT. Decapeptide-12 reduces melanin content in melanocytes. Decapeptide-12 is used for the research of melanogenesis, senescence, inflammation .
Prolylserine, a dipeptide, is an inhibitor of melanogenesis production in Mel-Ab cells. Prolylserine decreases expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase, induces phorphosylation of ERK, but not cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) .
mTRP-2 (180-188) is a murine tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) -derived peptide, corresponding to residues 180-188. TRP-2 (180-188) is identified as the major reactive epitope within TRP-2 recognized by anti-B16 CTLs .
Ac-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH (4-10)-NH2 is a melanotropin, a melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Ac-[Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH (4-10)-NH2 stimulates tyrosinase and exhibits thermoregulatory effect in rats model .
(Nle4)-α-MSH is a synthetic analogue of α-MSH (HY-P0252), a melanocyte-stimulating hormone. (Nle4)-α-MSH reversibly darkens frog skins and also exhibits prolonged activity after heat-alkali treatment .
Flanvotumab (IMC-20D7S) is a human monoclonal antibody targeting to tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP1), specifically expressed in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Flanvotumab acts function via natural killing-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Flanvotumab has potent anti-tumor activity and good tolerance .
4-Ethylresorcinol, a derivative of resorcinol, can act as substrates of tyrosinase. 4-Ethylresorcinol possess hypopigmentary effects. 4-Ethylresorcinol attenuates mRNA and protein expression of tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-2, and possessed antioxidative effect by inhibiting lipid peroxidation .
Kurarinol is a flavanone found in the root of Sophora flavescens. Kurarinol is a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor, with IC50 of 0.1 μM for mushroom tyrosinase .
Persiconin is a tyrosinase Inhibitor. Persiconin can be isolated from Prunus persica. Persiconin has tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 46% at 500 μM. Persiconin can be used in whitening research .
Dihydroaltenuene B is a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 38.33 µM. Dihydroaltenuene B shows the hydrogen bonding interactions between the 3-OH and 4’-OH and the His244, Met280 and Gly281 residues of tyrosinase .
β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol .
Polyphyllin C (compound 2) is a spirostanol saponin. Polyphyllin C exhibits mild (IC50=36.87 µM) activities against the tyrosinase and moderate (IC50=1.59 µg/mL) antileishmanial activities .
6-Hydroxykaempferol, a flavonoid, is a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 124 μM. 6-Hydroxykaempferol has a Ki value of 148 μM relative to L-DOPA as a substrate and effectively inhibits the activity of the enzyme by binding to the active site of the enzyme .
Phaeosphaone D is a thiodiketopiperazine alkaloid compound isolated from Phaeosphaeria fuckelii, an endophytic fungus. Phaeosphaone D displays mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 33.2 μM .
Broussonin C is a competitive inhibitor of Tyrosinase that can be isolated from Broussonetia kazinoki. Broussonin C inhibits monophenolase and diphenolase with IC50s of 0.43 and 0.57 μM, respectively .
Tropolone is a Tropone derivative with a hydroxyl group at the 2-position, and is the precursor of many Azulene derivatives, such as 2-methylazulene-1-carboxylate. Tropolone is a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.4 μM. Its inhibitory effect can be achieved by dialysis or excess CU 2+ Reversal .
(±)-Eriodictyol ((±)-Huazhongilexone), a flavonoid, is a potent melanogenesis inhibitor with an IC50 of 48 μM. (±)-Eriodictyol suppresses tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 mRNA expression. (±)-Eriodictyol has strong anti-plasmin activities .
D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth .
2,3-Dihydroisoginkgetin, a biflavonoid, is a inhibitor of Tyrosinase, with 36.84% inhibition at 0.1 mM. 2,3-Dihydroisoginkgetin shows less toxicity in HEMn (human epidermal melanocytes) cells, with an IC50 of 86.16 μM .
4-Isopropylbenzoic acid, an aromatic monoterpenoid, is isolated from the stem bark of Bridelia retusa. 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid exhibits antifungal activities. 4-Isopropylbenzoic acid is also a reversible and uncompetitive inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase .
(-)-Isodocarpin (Isodocarpin), a diterpenoid, is a potent melanogenesis inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.19 μM in B16 4A5 cells. (-)-Isodocarpin inhibits the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosine-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 mRNA .
Norartocarpetin is a tyrosinase inhibitor. Norartocarpetin has strong tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.47 μM. Norartocarpetin as an antibrowning agent can be used for the research of food systems. Norartocarpetin also has a significant anticancer activity in lung carcinoma cells (NCI-H460) with an IC50 value of 22 μM. Norartocarpetin has antiproliferative effects are mediated via targeting Ras/Raf/MAPK signalling pathway, mitochondrial mediated apoptosis, S-phase cell cycle arrest and suppression of cell migration and invasion in human lung carcinoma cells .
Isolindleyin, a butyrophenone, is a tyrosinase inhibitor, with a Kd of 54.8 μM for human tyrosinase. Isolindleyin exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-melanogenic activities .
Methyl rosmarinate is a noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor which is isolated from Rabdosia serra, with an IC50 of 0.28 mM for mushroom tyrosinase, and also inhibits a-glucosidase .
Kushenol A (Leachianone E) is isolated from the root of Sophora flavescent. Kushenol A is a non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor to block the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA, shows IC50 and Kivalues of 1.1 μM and 0.4 μM, respectively . Kushenol A is a flavonoid antioxidant, has inhibitory effects on alpha-glucosidase (IC50: 45 μM; Ki: 6.8 μM) and β-amylase . Kushenol A is confirmed as potential inhibitors of enzymes targeted by cosmetics for skin whitening and aging .
Neorauflavane is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor derived from Campylotropis hirtella, with an IC50 value of 30 nM for tyrosinase monophenolase activity and an IC50 value of 500 nM for diphenolase activity. Neorauflavane can effectively reduce the melanin content of B16 melanoma cells .
5-epi-Arvestonate A is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from the whole plants of Seriphidium transiliense. 5-epi-Arvestonate A promotes melanogenic production by activating the transcription of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase family genes. 5-epi-Arvestonate A inhibits the expression of IFN-γ-chemokine through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells .
Benzoyloxypaeoniflorin, isolated from the root of Paeonia suffruticosa, is a tyrosinase inhibitor against mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 of 0.453 mM. Benzoyloxypaeoniflorin is NF-κB Inhibitor and contributes to improving blood circulation through its inhibitory effect on both platelet aggregation and blood coagulation .
Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) is a potent naturally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger (IC50 of 28.9 µM against DPPH free radicals). Oxyresveratrol is potent and noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 µM for mushroom tyrosinase. Oxyresveratrol is effective against HSV-1, HSV-2 and varicella-zoster virus, and has neuroprotective effects .
Deoxyarbutin can effectively inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis, thereby achieving significant and lasting whitening effects, and has a strong antioxidant effect.
Glycolic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycolic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
Gnetol is a phenolic compound isolated from the root of Gnetum montanum . Gnetol potently inhibits COX-1 (IC50 of 0.78 μM) and HDAC. Gnetol is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.5 μM for murine tyrosinase and suppresses melanin biosynthesis. Gnetol has antioxidant, antiproliferative, anticancer and hepatoprotective activity. Gnetol also possesses concentration-dependent α-Amylase, α-glucosidase, and adipogenesis activities .
Dodoviscin A is a pigmentation-altering agent, which can be isolated from the aerial parts of Dodonaea viscosa. Dodoviscin A inhibits melanin production in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Dodoviscin A suppresses mushroom tyrosinase activity, and tyrosinase activity induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Dodoviscin A also inhibits the phorphosylation of cAMP response element binding protein, induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and forskolin .
Oxyresveratrol 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic compound isolated from Morus nigra root and is an effective tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 29.75 μM .
Oxyresveratrol 3'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is a phenolic compound isolated from Morus nigra root and is an effective tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.64 μM .
Aloesin (Aloeresin) is a tyrosinase inhibitor, and shows anti-inflammatory activity, ultraviolet protection, and antibacterium effects. Aloesin can induce apoptosis and be used in ovarian cancer research .
Furomollugin is a natural product with antioxidant and antibacterial activities, can be isolated from Rubia cordifolia. Furomollugin lacks potent anti-tyrosinase activity, but also exhibits significant anticancer property .
Dalbergioidin, a well-known anthocyanin, ameliorates doxorubicin-induced renal fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β signal pathway. Dalbergioidin exhibits tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 20 mM .
Chlorophorin is a inhibitor of Melanocortin Receptor. Chlorophorin reduces tyrosinase activity and inhibits a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells .
Methyl linoleate, a major active constituent of Sageretia thea fruit (HFSF), is a major anti-melanogenic compound. Methyl linoleate downregulates microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase-related proteins .
Trifolirhizin is a pterocarpan flavonoid isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Trifolirhizin possesses potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 506 μM . Trifolirhizin exhibits potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities .
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor . 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, an isomer of Vanillin, could be used to synthesis Urolithin M7
6-Acetylnimbandiol (6-O-Acetylnimbandiol) is a non-cytotoxic tyrosinase inhibitor (IC50=69.85 μM) that effectively inhibits melanin production and MITF expression. 6-Acetylnimbandiol can be used in melanoma research .
Mulberroside F is one of the main bioactive constituents in mulberry (Morus alba L.) . Mulberroside F shows inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and on the melanin formation. Mulberroside F also exhibits superoxide scavenging activity that is involved in the protection against auto-oxidation .
Chlorogenic acid butyl ester, a caffeoylquinic acid, is a potent melanogenesis inhibitor. Chlorogenic acid butyl ester inhibits the expression of microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinerelated protein 1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2. Chlorogenic acid butyl ester also shows antioxidant activity .
Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .
Medicagenic acid (Castanogenin) is isolated from the roots of Herniaria glabra, exhibits potent fungistatic effects against several plant pathogens and human dermatophytes . Medicagenic acid (Castanogenin) has low enzyme inhibitory activities, the target enzymes are xanthine oxidase, collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase, ChE .
2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .
Calcium 2-oxoglutarate is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. Calcium 2-oxoglutarate also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. Calcium 2-oxoglutarate is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .
(±)-Taxifolin ((±)-Dihydroquercetin) is the racemate of Taxifolin. Taxifolin exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
Artocarpin is an isoprenoid-substituted flavonoid, that can be isolated from the wood of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Artocarpin inhibits melanin biosynthesis in B16 melanoma cells without inhibiting tyrosinase. The presence of the isoprenoid-substituted moiety enhanced the inhibitory activity on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells .
(-)-Taxifolin is the less active enantiomer of Taxifolin. Taxifolin exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
Taxiphyllin (2R-Taxiphyllin) is a plant cyanogenic glycoside, which exhibits inhibitory activity for tyrosinase . Taxiphyllin exhibits cytotoxicity in BRL-3A cellls with an IC50 of 18.75 μm and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus with an EC50 of 0.96 μM .
Isoastilbin is a dihydroflavonol glycoside compound in Rhizoma Smilacis glabrae and Astragalus membranaceus. Isoastilbin inhibits glucosyltransferase (GTase) with an IC50 value of 54.3 μg/mL, and also inhibits tyrosinase activity. Isoastilbin shows neuroprotective, antioxidation, antimicrobial and anti-apoptotic properties and has the potential for Alzheimer’s disease research .
Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents . Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties .
(rel)-β-Tocopherol is a relative configuration of β-Tocopherol.(±)-β-Tocopherol is a lipid-soluble form of vitamin E with antioxidant activity. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol also can prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol .
Cepharadione B (compound 22) is a natural compound isolated from the leaves of Piper sanctum. Cepharadione B is a tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 170 μM, and inhibits cell growth in A-549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF-498 and HCT-15 cells .
Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate), an active component of Zanthoxylum armatum, is a widely used natural flavor compound. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) possesses antimicrobial activity and is a tyrosinase inhibitor that can prevent food browning. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) has antiadipogenic activity through mechanisms mediated, in part, by the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway .
Mulberroside A is one of the main bioactive constituent in mulberry (Morus alba L.) . Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1, and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, exhibiting anti-inflammatory antiapoptotic effects . Mulberroside A shows inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of 53.6 μM .
cis-Mulberroside A (Mulberroside D) is the cis-isomer of Mulberroside A. Mulberroside A is one of the main bioactive constituent in mulberry (Morus alba L.) . Mulberroside A decreases the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and inhibits the activation of NALP3, caspase-1, and NF-κB and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects . Mulberroside A shows inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase with an IC50 of 53.6 μM .
Cajanin is a potent and orally active anti-melanogenic agent. Cajanin shows antiproliferative activity in MNT1 Cells. Cajanin efficiently decreases the melanin content. Cajanin down-regulates the mRNA and protein expression levels of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1 and Dct (TRP-2). Cajanin induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M and S phase. Cajanin stimulates osteoblast proliferation. Cajanin has the potential for the research of human hyperpigmented disorders and menopausal osteoporosis .
ent-11α-Hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid is an anti-melanin synthesis tyrosinase inhibitor, which can be isolated from Pteris fern. ent-11α-Hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid regulates the melanogenesis transcription factor microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). The 11α-OH, 15-oxo and 16-en moieties of ent-11α-Hydroxy-15-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid are key fragments that inhibit melanin synthesis. The 19-COOH moiety has been implicated in the inhibition of cytotoxicity associated with 11α-OH KA and related compounds .
TYR protein, a copper-containing oxidase, initiates melanin production by catalyzing the hydroxylation of tyrosine to DOPA. This essential step is rate-limiting in the synthesis of melanins and polyphenolic compounds. TYR further enables the oxidation of DOPA to DOPA-quinone and potentially mediates the conversion of DHI to indole-5,6 quinone, playing a crucial role in the intricate cascade of reactions involved in melanin biosynthesis. TYR Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) is the recombinant human-derived TYR protein, expressed by P. pastoris , with N-His, N-6*His labeled tag. The total length of TYR Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) is 359 a.a., with molecular weight of ~48 kDa.
DCT Protein is essential in melanin biosynthesis, catalyzing the conversion of L-dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), a pivotal step in melanin synthesis. DCT Protein, Human (His-SUMO) is the recombinant human-derived DCT protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-SUMO, N-10*His labeled tag. The total length of DCT Protein, Human (His-SUMO) is 449 a.a., with molecular weight of ~71.3 kDa.
DCT (Dopachrome tautomerase) is pivotal in melanin biosynthesis, catalyzing the conversion of L-dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), a critical step in melanin synthesis. DCT's enzymatic activity is integral to the complex processes governing melanin production, emphasizing its role in skin pigmentation and the regulation of melanin-related functions. DCT Protein, Mouse (His-SUMO) is the recombinant mouse-derived DCT protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-10*His, N-SUMO labeled tag. The total length of DCT Protein, Mouse (His-SUMO) is 449 a.a., with molecular weight of ~69.7 kDa.
Glycolic acid-d2 is the deuterium labeled Glycolic acid. Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
D-Tyrosine-d4 is the deuterium labeled D-Tyrosine. D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth[1][2].
Glycolic acid- 13C2 is the 13C-labeled Glycolic acid (HY-W015967). Glycolic acid- 13C2 is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.
D-Tyrosine-d2 is the deuterium labeled D-Tyrosine. D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth[1][2].
D-Tyrosine-d7 is the deuterium labeled D-Tyrosine. D-Tyrosine is the D-isomer of tyrosine. D-Tyrosine negatively regulates melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. D-Tyrosine inhibits biofilm formation and trigger the self-dispersal of biofilms without suppressing bacterial growth[1][2].
Taxifolin-d3 is deuterium labeled Taxifolin. Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM[1]. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity[2].
β-Tocopherol-d3 is the deuterium labeled β-Tocopherol. β-Tocopherol is an analogue of vitamin E, exhibits antioxidant properties. β-Tocopherol can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. β-Tocopherol can also prevent the inhibition of cell growth and of PKC activity caused by d-alpha-tocopherol[1][2][3].
Arbutin-d4 is deuterium labeled Arbutin. Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase in melanocytes, with Kiapp values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents[1]. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties[2][3].
2-Ketoglutaric acid- 13C5 is the 13C labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid[1]. 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM)[2].
2-Ketoglutaric acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid[1]. 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM)[2].
2-Ketoglutaric acid-d6 is the deuterium labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid[1]. 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM)[2].
(±)-Taxifolin-13C3 ((±)-Dihydroquercetin-13C3) is a derivative of (±)-Taxifolin, labeled with 13C3. (±)-Taxifolin is the racemate of Taxifolin. Taxifolin exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC50 value of 193.3 μM . Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity .
2-Ketoglutaric acid- 13C (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid- 13C) is a 13C labeled 2-Ketoglutaric acid (HY-W013636) . 2-Ketoglutaric acid (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM) .