Growth/differentiation factor 11

Definition:

Secreted signal that acts globally to regulate anterior/posterior axial patterning during development. May play critical roles in patterning both mesodermal and neural tissues (By similarity). It is required for proper vertebral patterning and orofacial development. Signals through activin receptors type-2, ACVR2A and ACVR2B, and activin receptors type-1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C and TGFBR1 leading to the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3.

References:

[1]. Ryan G Walker, et al. Structural basis for potency differences between GDF8 and GDF11. BMC Biol. 2017 Mar 3;15(1):19. [Content Brief]

[2]. Timothy C Cox, et al. Mutations in GDF11 and the extracellular antagonist, Follistatin, as a likely cause of Mendelian forms of orofacial clefting in humans. Hum Mutat. 2019 Oct;40(10):1813-1825. [Content Brief]

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