Complement Component 4

Complement component 4 (C4) is a large plasma glycoprotein encoded by two paralogous genes, C4A and C4B, within the major histocompatibility complex region. Upon activation of the classical or lectin pathway, C4 is cleaved to liberate the anaphylatoxin C4a and to deposit C4b, the scaffold that captures C2 and generates the C3 convertase C4b2a. C4A and C4B differ in their preference for amino-group versus hydroxyl-bearing substrates, and gene copy number varies widely between individuals, influencing susceptibility to lupus, infections, and immune-complex disorders. C4A-null alleles and low C4 copy number are well-established risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus, making C4 dosage important in complement genetics and diagnostics.