Cathepsin L1

Cathepsin L1 (CTSL) is one of the most abundant and best studied lysosomal cysteine proteases, functioning as a housekeeping endopeptidase expressed in virtually all mammalian cells. Within the family it is closely related to Cathepsin V/Cathepsin L2, but CTSL shows constitutive broad tissue distribution rather than the restricted expression seen for its paralog. Known activities include degradation of the MHC class II invariant chain, processing of hormone precursors and neuropeptides, and cleavage of nuclear proteins, reflecting its documented presence in the nucleus. CTSL knockout mice display periodic hair loss and epidermal defects, and the protease is a well-established contributor to cancer invasion, making it a target for anti-metastatic inhibitor programs.