Antimicrobial Peptides

LL-37, human is a 37-residue, amphipathic, cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, which exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. LL-37, human could help protect the cornea from infection and modulates wound healing.

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic with rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms.

Polymyxin B Sulfate is an antibiotic. Polymyxin B Sulfate inhibits Gram-negative infections by binding to the LPS of the bacterial wall with high affinity. Polymyxin B Sulfate neutralizes the effect of endotoxin. Polymyxin B Sulfate induces bacterial death by increasing its permeability. Polymyxin B Sulfate is used in endotoxemia research.

Melittin is a PLA₂ activator, stimulates the activity of the low molecular weight PLA₂, while it does not the increase activity of the high molecular weight PLA₂.

Thiostrepton is a thiazole antibiotic which selectively inhibits FOXM1. FOXM1 binds to YAP/TEAD complex. YAP/TEAD/FOXM1 complex binding at regulatory regions of genes governing cell cycle may impact cell proliferation.

3-WP is a linear 20-peptide with a C-terminal amidation modification. 3-WP acts on lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and disrupts cell wall permeability, induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in a dose-dependent manner, and simultaneously inhibits respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity and intracellular ATP synthesis, thereby interfering with bacterial energy metabolism and exerting Bacterial antibacterial effects. The combination of 3-WP and Melittin (HY-P0233) exerts synergistic antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria, reduces the required dosage of Melittin, and thus improves the cell selectivity of Melittin. 3-WP can serve as a peptide adjuvant for Melittin in food storage scenarios. 3-WP can be used in the research of foodborne diseases caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Pac-525 is a tryptophan-rich cationic antibacterial peptide and membrane-disrupting agent. Pac-525 exhibits antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, *Candida albicans* and *Fusarium solani*. Pac-525 interacts strongly with negatively charged phospholipid vesicles, induces vesicle dye release and disrupts microbial membranes. Pac-525 shows cytotoxicity against macrophages. Pac-525 can be used in studies related to bacterial and fungal infections.

d-WRL is a cationic antimicrobial peptide with properties such as salt resistance, protease resistance and no induction of drug resistance. As a membrane lytic agent, d-WRL effectively kills planktonic MRSA, mature MRSA biofilms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. d-WRL selectively interacts with negatively charged bacterial membranes, causing changes in membrane permeability, structural disintegration and leakage of intracellular substances, thereby precisely lysing bacteria without damaging zwitterionic mammalian cell membranes. d-WRL inhibits and eliminates mature MRSA biofilms, and can be used in studies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.

Polymyxin B nonapeptide is a cyclic peptide obtained from Polymyxin B by proteolytic removal of its terminal amino acyl residue. Polymyxin B nonapeptide is less toxic, lacks bactericidal activity, and retains its ability to render gram-negative bacteria susceptible to several antibiotics by permeabilizing their outer membranes.

Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by a group of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to Lactococcus and Streptococcus species. Nisin has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity.

Gramicidin is an antimicrobial peptide assembling as channels in membranes and increasing their permeability towards cations.

LL-37, human TFA is a 37-residue, amphipathic, cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, which exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. LL-37, human TFA could help protect the cornea from infection and modulates wound healing.

Alamethicin is a linear 20-amino acid antibiotic, which can induce voltage-gated conductance in model and cell membranes. Alamethicin exhibits antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but not Gram-negative bacteria. Alamethicin can form an amphipathic α-helical structure in biological membranes.

Aureobasidin A (Basifungin) is a cyclic peptide antibiotic with oral activity. Aureobasidin A is an inhibitor of inositol phosphorylated ceramide synthetase AUR1. Aureobasidin A has antifungal and antiparasitic activity.

LEAP-2 (Human liver expressed antimicrobial peptide-2) is a GHS-R1a antagonist, with an IC₅₀ of 6.0 nM. LEAP-2 suppresses the orexigenic effect of ghrelin. LEAP-2 attenuates ghrelin-induced growth hormone (GH) release and reduces basal food intake. LEAP-2 exhibits antimicrobial activity against microbial model organisms. LEAP-2 can be used for the study of obesity and infection.

LL-37, human acetate is a 37-residue, amphipathic, cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, which exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. LL-37, human acetate could help protect the cornea from infection and modulates wound healing.

Nisin Z is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptide. Nisin Z is effective against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, such as C. albicans.

Gramicidin S (Gramicidin soviet) is a cationic cyclic peptide antibiotic that selectively targets bacterial cell membranes and has anticancer activity. Gramicidin S also exerts antibacterial activity by destroying membrane integrity and interfering with membrane protein function. Gramicidin S inserts into the phospholipid bilayer through hydrophobic amino acid residues, specifically binds to negatively charged membrane lipids and disrupts membrane structure, thereby inhibiting cell division and cell wall synthesis, and ultimately causing bacterial death. Gramicidin S also inhibits ion channels, with IC₅₀s of 41 μM, 24 μM, and 3 μM for Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, tobacco leaf plasma membrane Mg²⁺/K⁺-ATPase, and rat heart plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase, respectively.

CRAMP (mouse) is an antibacterial peptide and a functional homolog of LL-37. CRAMP (mouse) exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The complex formed by CRAMP (mouse) and CpG can activate macrophages to secrete TNF-α. CRAMP (mouse) plays a key role in wound healing, immune regulation and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.

Cecropin A is a linear 37-residue antimicrobial polypeptide, with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity.