Topics

Immunology

Immunology explores host recognition and clearance of pathogens and abnormal cells. With rapid innate immunity and specific adaptive immune memory, it uncovers mechanisms of infection, hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders, supplying core theoretical basis for vaccines and cancer immunotherapy.

Apod-Mediated Mitophagy and Elderly Influenza Immunity

Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a lipocalin-family protein whose biology has long been linked to aging, lipid handling, and cellular stress responses.

RQC and Longevity Regulation

Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) is a conserved cotranslational surveillance system that detects stalled translation complexes, promotes ribosome recycling, and prevents accumulation of incomplete nascent polypeptides.

Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy of Age-Associated B Cell Differentiation

age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a distinct B-cell population first defined in 2011 when CD11c-positive B cells were found to accumulate in aged female mice and prematurely in young lupus-prone mice; related cells were also detected in peripheral blood from some elderly women with autoimmune disease.

Mechanisms of IL-6 Pathways in Sepsis-Related Chronic Diseases

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling provides a mechanistic bridge between the acute inflammatory response to sepsis and chronic critical illness characterized by persistent inflammation, immune dysfunction, tissue injury, and catabolism.

Reductive Stress: a New Perspective on Redox Imbalance in Chronic Diseases

Reductive stress describes a pathological shift of cellular redox balance toward excessive reducing capacity, particularly accumulation of NADH, NADPH, and reduced glutathione (GSH), rather than the oxidant excess that defines oxidative stress.

Flavonoids: Diverse Diet, Antioxidation, and Chronic Disease Prevention

Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic substances widely distributed in vegetables, fruits, grains, and tea, and their biological activity varies with structural substitution patterns in the characteristic carbon-ring framework.

Ergothioneine: Health, Anti-Aging, and Neuroprotection

Ergothioneine is an unusual sulfur-containing histidine-derived amino acid and dietary thiol/thione antioxidant synthesized primarily by microorganisms, including fungi and actinobacteria, while animals obtain it from food.

Immune Surveillance, Cellular Senescence, and Age-Related Diseases: Mechanisms and Interventions

Cellular senescence is a stress-responsive state defined chiefly by durable proliferation arrest and frequently accompanied by a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

PCSK9: A Key Factor Linking Lipid Metabolism, Vascular Aging, and Disease

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has evolved from a newly identified proprotein convertase into a major molecular link between lipid metabolism, vascular biology, and cardiovascular disease.

MSCs and Exosomes: Anti-Aging and Repair Potential

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with broad tissue-supportive functions, while MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), including small extracellular vesicles commonly studied as exosomes, transmit proteins, RNAs, and other bioactive signals between cells.

Extracellular Vesicles: Pathogenesis and Therapy

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles released by cells and include endosome-derived exosomes and plasma-membrane-derived microvesicles; they transport proteins, lipids, RNA, and other cellular constituents between cells.

Autophagy-Inflammasome: Regulation in Cancer, CVD, and Neurodegeneration

Autophagy-inflammasome regulation describes the reciprocal control between lysosome-dependent cellular degradation and inflammasome-driven innate inflammatory signaling.

MicroRNAs and Aging Intervention

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation of target mRNAs, allowing individual miRNAs to influence broad gene-expression programs.

Immunosenescence: Age-Induced Changes in Immune Cells and Functional Dysregulation

Immunosenescence describes the progressive deterioration and remodeling of immune function associated with aging, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity.

The Central Regulatory Role and Mechanisms of Epigenetics in the Aging Process

Epigenetics refers to stable or reversible regulation of gene activity and chromatin state without changing the underlying DNA sequence, and aging is accompanied by coordinated alterations in DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, non-coding RNA regulation, and RNA modification.

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Age-Related White Matter Lesions

Age-related white matter lesions (WMLs), commonly visualized as white matter hyperintensities on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, are frequent abnormalities of the aging brain and are closely associated with cerebral small vessel disease, cognitive dysfunction, stroke, dementia, and depression.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Mechanisms of Skin Aging and the Hormonal Regulatory Network

Skin aging is a progressive biological process produced by intrinsic, chronological mechanisms and extrinsic exposures that alter epidermal and dermal structure and function.

Mitochondria, Inflammation, and Senescence

Cellular senescence is a durable stress-associated state marked by cell-cycle arrest and a pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), while mitochondrial dysfunction - defined experimentally by impaired respiratory capacity and membrane potential and commonly accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) - both contributes to and results from the senescent phenotype; research has therefore moved from viewing mitochondria primarily as bioenergetic organelles toward examining them as regulators of senescence, inflammatory signaling, stress resistance, and SASP production, and recent work in The FEBS Journal, Journal of Clinical Investigation, Nature, Genes & Development, and Immunity demonstrates sustained interest in mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanistic bridge connecting cellular stress, chronic inflammation, aging, and age-associated tissue dysfunction.

Mitochondrial Function and Ovarian Aging

Ovarian aging involves progressive loss of ovarian reproductive capacity through declining oocyte quantity and quality, and mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a central biological component of this process.

Adipose Tissue Aging Regulates Metabolic Health and Lifespan

Adipose tissue aging describes the progressive remodeling and functional decline of adipose depots with advancing age, including redistribution from peripheral toward central fat, loss of thermogenic capacity, altered endocrine activity, impaired progenitor-cell function, and accumulation of senescent cells.

Amino Acid Metabolism Reprogramming Mediates Aging and Tumorigenesis

Amino acid metabolism reprogramming describes coordinated changes in amino-acid uptake, synthesis, breakdown, transport, and nutrient sensing that alter cellular growth, stress responses, and metabolic homeostasis.

Mechanism of RB-E2F Pathway-Mediated Senescence-Based Tumor Suppression

Cellular senescence is a stable proliferative arrest that can arise after replicative exhaustion or stress, and its tumor-suppressive role is established as a major barrier to malignant progression.

The Hidden Regulatory Mechanisms of Plant Root Senescence

Plant root senescence is a regulated aging and degradation process that culminates in controlled cellular death and tissue remodeling rather than passive deterioration.

Analysis of the Interplay Between Autophagy and Aging Via a Threshold Model

Autophagy is a conserved lysosome-mediated degradation and recycling process that removes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, damaged organelles, and other intracellular material to maintain cellular homeostasis and survival.

Nanomaterials Modulate Cellular Senescence to Enhance Tumor Therapy

Cellular senescence is a stable or terminal cell-cycle arrest triggered by stress and accompanied by extensive phenotypic changes, including a bioactive, frequently pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

Mechanisms Linking Stromal Cell Senescence to Tumorigenesis

Cellular senescence is a stable growth-arrest program that can suppress malignant transformation, but senescent stromal cells remain metabolically active and can acquire a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that reshapes neighboring tissue.

Systemic Effects of Ovarian Aging and Intervention Strategies

Ovarian aging is the age-associated decline in ovarian reserve, oocyte quantity, oocyte quality, endocrine function, and ultimately reproductive longevity, culminating in menopause.

Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Aging

Gut microbiota metabolites are bioactive products generated or transformed by intestinal microorganisms, with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile acids, and tryptophan-derived metabolites forming major classes relevant to aging biology.

Reproductive Resilience: a New Perspective on Sex-Based Differences in Aging

Reproductive resilience offers a useful framework for interpreting sex-based differences in aging by linking the durability of reproductive and endocrine function to broader trajectories of healthspan.

Metabolic-Epigenetic Synergy Drives the Aging-Associated SASP Inflammatory Phenotype

Cellular senescence is a stable growth-arrest state in which metabolically active cells can develop a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), releasing inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and other bioactive factors that alter surrounding tissues.

RNA Therapies Targeting Aging-Related Diseases

RNA therapies targeting aging-related diseases use RNA-based molecules to alter disease-associated gene expression, RNA processing, or protein production in disorders whose incidence or pathology increases with aging.

The Skin-Endocrine Axis and Regulatory Mechanisms of Aging

The skin-endocrine axis describes the bidirectional neuroendocrine and immune functions through which skin senses environmental and systemic signals, produces hormones and neuromediators, and influences local and whole-body homeostasis.

Immune Surveillance Evasion by Senescent Cells and Intervention Strategies

Cellular senescence is a stable cell-cycle arrest coupled to a secretory program that remodels the tissue microenvironment.

cGAS-STING: An Inflammatory Signaling Axis in Ovarian Aging

Ovarian aging involves progressive deterioration of ovarian function, including declining oocyte quality, follicular loss, and impaired granulosa-cell function, while mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cellular senescence, and chronic inflammation increasingly define its mechanistic landscape.

Anti-Aging Strategies to Reverse Organelle Dysfunction

Anti-aging strategies to reverse organelle dysfunction target the age-associated failure of cellular compartments and their quality-control systems rather than a single organelle in isolation.

Mechanisms of Age-Related Thymic Regeneration and Healthy Aging

Age-related thymic regeneration refers to efforts to restore the structure and T-cell-generating function lost during age-related thymic involution, a progressive decline characterized by reduced naïve T-cell production and disruption of the thymic stromal microenvironment.

Role of Nf-Κb in the Hematopoietic Aging Phenotype

Hematopoietic aging combines chronic low-grade inflammation with declining hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and altered lineage production.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reverse Age-Related Vision Decline

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and very-long-chain PUFAs (VLC-PUFAs), are unusually abundant components of retinal membranes and are integral to photoreceptor structure and function.

Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Muscle-Aging Effects of PGE2-EP4

The published muscle-aging literature concerns prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-EP4 signaling; the retrieved peer-reviewed evidence does not establish a distinct 'PEG2-EP4' entity.

Cardiac Aging: Molecular Markers and Therapeutic Targets

Cardiac aging describes the progressive decline in myocardial cellular function and cardiac performance that accompanies advancing age and increases vulnerability to heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases.

Vascular Aging: Mechanisms and Therapies

Vascular aging is the progressive deterioration of vascular structure and function with advancing age, expressed prominently as endothelial dysfunction and large-elastic-artery stiffening and linked to increased cardiovascular and other age-related disease risk.

Hallmarks of Stem Cell Aging

Stem cell aging describes the progressive loss of functional competence in adult stem cells that normally sustain tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life.

Interplay Between Aging and Cancer

Aging is a progressive loss of physiological integrity that impairs function and increases vulnerability to major human diseases, including cancer.

Pro-Inflammatory Mechanisms Following Adaptive Immune Senescence

Adaptive immune senescence describes age-associated remodeling and functional decline in acquired immunity, especially T- and B-cell compartments, alongside the chronic low-grade inflammatory state termed inflammaging.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Age-Related Cognitive Decline

Age-related cognitive decline describes the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions that accompanies normal brain aging and can occur without frank neurodegeneration.

Cellular Senescence and Skeletal Diseases

Cellular senescence is a persistent state of irreversible growth arrest induced by diverse stress signals and accompanied by altered gene expression and development of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases and Drug Targeting

Age-related neurodegenerative diseases comprise progressive disorders in which neuronal structure, synaptic function, and selected neuronal populations deteriorate, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) representing major examples associated with aging.

Systemic Aging and Age-Related Diseases

Systemic aging is the progressive loss of physiological integrity across cells, tissues, organs, and inter-organ networks, leading to impaired function and increasing vulnerability to major chronic diseases.

Molecular Targets in Skin Aging

Skin aging is a progressive decline in epidermal and dermal structure and function produced by interacting intrinsic and extrinsic processes; in the dermis, a dominant molecular phenotype is loss, fragmentation, and disorganization of the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), accompanied by reduced fibroblast number and function.