Topics

Regulation of Type I Interferon in the Prevention and Treatment of Viral and Inflammatory Diseases

Regulation of type I interferon in the prevention and treatment of viral and inflammatory diseases refers to the control of interferon-α and interferon-β production, signaling, and biological activity to balance antiviral defense with immune homeostasis.

Thymic T Cells and Immunotherapy

Thymic T cells and immunotherapy are connected through the thymus-dependent generation, selection, and maintenance of the T-cell repertoire that underlies antitumor immune responses.

Escape Route Built by TGF-β Signaling

Escape route built by TGF-β signaling refers to the immunosuppressive and stromal remodeling program through which tumors avoid immune elimination and reduce response to cancer immunotherapy.

How Wnt Signaling Preserves Stem Cell Renewal

How Wnt signaling preserves stem cell renewal describes how Wnt-regulated pathways maintain stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, quiescence, and differentiation balance in specialized stem cell niches.

Histone Lactylation as a Signal for Macrophage Polarization

Histone lactylation as a signal for macrophage polarization refers to a metabolically driven epigenetic mechanism in which lactate-derived lysine lactylation on histones links cellular glycolysis to transcriptional regulation of macrophage phenotypes.

How m6A Marks Decide Immune Cell Fate

How m6A marks decide immune cell fate centers on N6-methyladenosine as an mRNA modification that connects RNA metabolism with immune cell homeostasis, differentiation, and disease-linked immune responses.

How NF-κB Writes Inflammatory Memory

How NF-κB writes inflammatory memory refers to the capacity of NF-κB signaling to convert transient inflammatory stimuli into persistent transcriptional, epigenetic, and cellular states that influence future immune responses.

Kinase Bottleneck in JAK-STAT Cytokine Responses

The kinase bottleneck in JAK-STAT cytokine responses refers to the central requirement for Janus kinases (JAKs) to convert extracellular cytokine signals into transcriptional programs through signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins.

The Cellular Logistics of Autophagy-Driven Antigen Presentation

The cellular logistics of autophagy-driven antigen presentation refers to the intracellular trafficking network through which autophagy directs endogenous and exogenous antigens toward antigen-processing compartments and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loading pathways.

Autophagy as the Routing System for Antigen Presentation

Autophagy functions as a routing system for antigen presentation by delivering intracellular proteins, pathogens, organelles, and protein aggregates to antigen-processing compartments, thereby connecting cellular quality control with adaptive immunity.

When Mitophagy Becomes An Innate Immune Checkpoint

Mitophagy becomes an innate immune checkpoint when selective autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria regulates the availability of mitochondrial danger signals that activate innate immune pathways.

Ferroptosis Route to Tumor Immune Remodeling

Ferroptosis route to tumor immune remodeling refers to the integration of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation with antitumor immunity, whereby ferroptotic signaling reshapes the tumor microenvironment and influences immune-cell function.

Molecular Spark of cGAS-STING-Mediated Cellular Senescence

Cellular senescence is a stress-response program characterized by irreversible cell-cycle arrest and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), originally recognized as a tumor-suppressive mechanism and now considered a central process in aging biology, inflammation, and cancer research.

Hidden Logic Behind STING-Driven Antitumor Immunity

STING-driven antitumor immunity describes cytosolic DNA sensing that converts tumor-derived DNA or treatment-induced DNA damage into type I interferon signaling, dendritic-cell activation, T-cell priming, and tumor immune infiltration.

Process of PD-1/PD-L1-Mediated Tumor Immune Evasion

PD-1/PD-L1-mediated tumor immune evasion is a central mechanism by which tumors suppress antitumor immunity through immune checkpoint signaling.

Senolytics and Senomorphic Strategies in Aging Research

Cellular senescence is a stable state of cell-cycle arrest triggered by DNA damage, telomere attrition, oncogenic signaling, and other forms of cellular stress.

Organoid Co-culture Models in Tumor Immunology

Organoid co-culture models in tumor immunology are three-dimensional experimental systems that combine patient-derived or stem cell-derived tumor organoids with immune cells and other components of the tumor microenvironment to recapitulate tumor-immune interactions in vitro.

Trained Immunity: Innate Immune Memory in Inflammation and Disease

Trained immunity refers to the capacity of the innate immune system to develop a long-term altered response following exposure to microbial products, vaccines, or endogenous danger signals, resulting in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent heterologous challenges.

Cuproptosis: Copper-Dependent Cell Death and Mitochondrial Metabolism

Cuproptosis is a recently defined copper-dependent form of regulated cell death that is mechanistically distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, and is tightly linked to mitochondrial respiration and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity.

Disulfidptosis: Actin Cytoskeleton Collapse Under Disulfide Stress

Disulfidptosis is a recently identified form of regulated cell death driven by disulfide stress and characterized by collapse of the actin cytoskeleton rather than by the canonical mechanisms that define apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, or other established cell death programs.

PANoptosis: Crosstalk Between Pyroptosis, Apoptosis and Necroptosis

PANoptosis is a regulated inflammatory cell death pathway that integrates key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis and cannot be fully explained by any individual pathway alone.

The Guiding Significance of Erythrocyte "Spectosis".

Spectosis is a lytic programmed cell death pathway in mature red blood cells triggered by complement activation and involving NLRP3 signaling.

TCE (T cell engager) Potential in Solid Tumors

T-cell engagers (TCEs) are engineered immunotherapeutic molecules designed to redirect endogenous T cells toward tumor cells through simultaneous binding of a T-cell receptor component, most commonly CD3, and a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on malignant cells.

CAR-T Cell Therapy & Neurodegenerative Diseases

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is an adoptive cellular immunotherapy originally developed for cancer treatment and is now being explored for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease.

Immunoproteasome & Neurodegenerative Diseases

The immunoproteasome is a specialized form of the proteasome that is induced by inflammatory cytokines and cellular stress and contributes to antigen processing, protein quality control, and degradation of oxidatively damaged proteins.

Dietary Protein Restriction & Aging

Dietary protein restriction (PR) is a nutritional intervention that reduces protein or specific amino acid intake without necessarily reducing total energy consumption.

Kleptosomes: Animal Organelles Supporting Photosynthesis

Kleptosomes are newly identified host-derived organelles reported in 2025 that house and maintain stolen chloroplasts acquired by sacoglossan sea slugs from algal prey.

dsRNA: A Key Mediator of Cancer & Beyond

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was initially characterized as a molecular signature of viral infection, but accumulating evidence shows that endogenous dsRNA also arises from host-derived sources including endogenous retroviruses, transposable elements, mitochondrial transcripts, and sense-antisense transcription.

Gut Protozoa: Linking Intestinal and Lung Immunity

Gut protozoa are increasingly recognized as important components of the intestinal microbiota that influence host immunity.

DNA Methylation: From Physiology to Pathology

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification in which a methyl group is transferred to the fifth carbon of cytosine to generate 5-methylcytosine, and it functions as a major regulator of gene expression, cellular differentiation, and tissue-specific transcriptional programs.

RNA Damage Response & Repair

RNA Damage Response and Repair (RDR) encompasses the cellular mechanisms that detect, process, repair, or eliminate damaged RNA molecules.

RNA Binding Proteins & Cardiovascular Health

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are proteins that directly bind RNA and regulate post-transcriptional gene expression through RNA splicing, maturation, localization, stability, and translation.

G-quadruplex & DNA Replication

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures formed by guanine-rich sequences through stacked G-tetrads stabilized by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding.

Molecular Glues: A Core Tool In Cancer Therapy & Beyond

Molecular glues are small molecules that induce or stabilize protein-protein interactions and are best known for reprogramming the ubiquitin-proteasome system to promote selective protein degradation.

Palmitoylation: Bridging Physiology and Disease

Palmitoylation is a reversible lipid modification in which palmitate is covalently attached to protein cysteine residues, thereby regulating protein localization, stability, membrane association, and signaling activity.

Stem Cells & Neurodegenerative Diseases

Stem cells possess self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacities, making them a central platform for regenerative medicine and neurodegenerative disease research.

Chromatin Remodelling: A Key Target in Cardiovascular Disease Therapy And Beyond

Chromatin Remodelling: A Key Target in Cardiovascular Disease Therapy And BeyondChromatin remodelling refers to the dynamic regulation of nucleosome organization and chromatin accessibility by ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complexes, histone-modifying enzymes, and associated epigenetic regulators.

Lipid Nanoparticles: Key Nucleic Acid Delivery Vectors

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically advanced non-viral delivery systems for nucleic acid therapeutics and enable the in vivo delivery of mRNA, siRNA, and other genetic cargos.

Migrasome: Cancer & Beyond Therapeutic Target

Migrasomes are a distinct class of extracellular vesicular structures generated during cell migration and were first described in 2015.

Neuropeptide: Connecting Nerves And Immunity

Neuropeptides are signaling molecules released by neurons that function at the interface of the nervous and immune systems and represent central mediators of neuroimmune communication.

Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk & Brain Homeostasis

Microglia-neuron crosstalk refers to the bidirectional communication network between microglia and neurons mediated by receptor-ligand interactions, cell-cell contacts, and soluble signaling molecules.

Mitochondrial Transfer: Cancer Therapeutic Target

Mitochondrial transfer refers to the intercellular movement of intact mitochondria or mitochondrial components that are subsequently utilized by recipient cells.

Gut Microbial Metabolites & Gut-X Axis

Gut microbial metabolites are bioactive molecules generated through microbial metabolism of dietary and host-derived substrates and include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acid derivatives, tryptophan metabolites, and other small molecules.

Extrachromosomal DNA: A Driver of Therapeutic Failure in Cancer

Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) consists of large circular DNA elements that exist outside canonical chromosomes and frequently harbor amplified driver oncogenes in human cancers.

Live Cell Extrusion: A Mode of Cell Death Mediated by Energetic Stress

Live cell extrusion is a conserved mechanism that maintains epithelial cell-number homeostasis.

Tumor Metabolic Reprogramming

Tumor metabolic reprogramming refers to the adaptive remodeling of energy production and biosynthetic pathways that enables cancer cells to sustain proliferation, survive environmental stress, and support malignant progression.

Intermittent Fasting & Cancer Therapy

Intermittent fasting (IF) encompasses dietary interventions characterized by periodic restriction of food intake, including alternate-day fasting, time-restricted feeding, and fasting-mimicking regimens.

mtDNA: A Core Regulator In Tumor Therapy

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular genome located within mitochondria that encodes essential components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and mitochondrial RNA machinery.

Cellular Reprogramming: Core for Cancer Therapy & Beyond

Cellular reprogramming refers to the conversion of cell identity through transcription factors, epigenetic remodeling, small molecules, or microenvironmental cues.

Stress Granules & Neurodegenerative Diseases

Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic membrane-less ribonucleoprotein assemblies that form in response to cellular stress, including oxidative stress, heat shock, viral infection, and metabolic perturbation.