Cathepsin S

Cathepsin S (CTSS) occupies a distinctive niche in immunity because, unlike most lysosomal cathepsins, it retains proteolytic activity at neutral pH, allowing it to function outside the acidic lysosome. Its defining role is the degradation of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain in antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, thereby controlling peptide loading and T cell activation. Expression is largely restricted to cells of the immune system, and levels increase during inflammation. This biology has made CTSS an actively pursued drug target, with inhibitors investigated for autoimmune, cardiovascular, and chronic pain indications; cystatin C serves as an important physiological inhibitor of the enzyme.