WNK

WNK kinases are named for having no lysine in the canonical position of subdomain II; the catalytic lysine is instead contributed by the beta 2 strand, an arrangement unique in the kinome. Four human members, WNK1 through WNK4, sense intracellular chloride directly, because chloride binding in the catalytic cleft restrains activity, so the enzymes are switched on by hyperosmotic stress and chloride depletion. Active WNKs phosphorylate SPAK and OSR1, which in turn phosphorylate the cation-chloride cotransporters NCC, NKCC1 and NKCC2 and the KCC family, tuning salt handling and cell volume. Deletions or missense mutations in WNK1 and WNK4 cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (Gordon syndrome), with hypertension and hyperkalemia; WNK463 is a tool inhibitor.