Urinary System Disease Models

Cisplatin (CDDP) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy agent by cross-linking with DNA and causing DNA damage in cancer cells. Cisplatin activates ferroptosis and induces autophagy.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hydroxydaunorubicin hydrochloride; ADR), a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic, is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Doxorubicin hydrochloride is a potent human DNA topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Cyclosporin A (Cyclosporine A) is an immunosuppressant which binds to the cyclophilin and inhibits phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B/calcineurin) with an IC₅₀ of 5 nM. Cyclosporin A is a molecular glue, binds to cyclophilin and calcineurin, leading to inactivation of nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) and a subsequent decrease in the immune response. Cyclosporin A also inhibits CD11a/CD18 adhesion.

Cyclophosphamide is a synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards with antineoplastic activity, a immunosuppressant.

Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis.

Protamine sulfate, polycationic peptide and a antiheparin agent, could neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin and enhances lipid-mediated gene transfer.

Cyclophosphamide hydrate is a synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to the nitrogen mustards with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities.

Aristolochic acid A (Aristolochic acid I; TR 1736) is the main component of plant extract Aristolochic acids, which are found in various herbal plants of genus Aristolochia and Asarum. Aristolochic acid A significantly reduces both activator protein 1 (AP-1) and NF-κB activities. Aristolochic acid A reduces BLCAP gene expression in human cell lines.

Puromycin aminonucleoside (NSC 3056) is the aminonucleoside portion of the antibiotic puromycin, and used in nephrosis animal models. Puromycin aminonucleoside induces apoptosis. Puromycin aminonucleoside is a reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase II and cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase. Puromycin aminonucleoside induces secretion of cell migrasome.

Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is an adrenocortin, acts as a precursor to aldosterone. Deoxycorticosterone acetate is a mineralocorticoid receptor agonist. Deoxycorticosterone acetate can cause severe renal injury, including inflammation, fibrosis, glomerular damage, and proteinuria.

N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine is a potent mutagen that can cause high-level of mutagenesis specifically in the epithelial cells (urothelial) of the urinary bladder. N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine is used to induce bladder cancer in rodents.

Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), a complexation of nitriloacetic acid with iron, is a highly reactive compound used to induce degenerative disorders through oxidative stress (OS). Ferric nitrilotriacetate is also used in several studies to induce hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and both renal and liver carcinogenesis.

Adenine hemisulfate (6-Aminopurine hemisulfate), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine hemisulfate acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine hemisulfate also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis.

Melamine is an orally active inducer of Apoptosis. Melamine induces animal disease models. Melamine affects the activity of Sertoli cell and can be used for research on male reproductive function. Melamine also has neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Melamine induces cognitive impairment and acute kidney injury models. Melamine can also be used to induce bladder cancer and urinary stone models.

Cationic Bovine Serum Albumin is a bovine serum albumin (BSA) modified with excess ethylenediamine, which has enhanced immunogenicity compared to native BSA. Positively charged primary amines block all negatively charged carboxyl groups, making Cationic Bovine Serum Albumin a cationic protein. Cationic Bovine Serum Albumin has remarkable neuroprotective effects on ischemic stroke when in combination with Tanshinone IIA (HY-N0135) .

Adenine hydrochloride (6-Aminopurine hydrochloride), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine hydrochloride acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine hydrochloride also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis.

Allantoxanamide is a uricase inhibitor. Allantoxanamide-induced rats serve as animal models for studying purine biosynthesis, drug-induced hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria, and related nephropathy.