Behavioral Addiction

N6-(4-Hydroxybenzyl) adenosine (Para-topolin riboside) is an equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) inhibitor and a selective agonist of adenosine A_2a receptor (A_2aR), and also exhibits activity against P2Y12 receptor. N6-(4-Hydroxybenzyl) adenosine reduces ethanol intake and preference, attenuates operant conditioning-induced ethanol place preference, decreases the value of ethanol-related rewards, and inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation. N6-(4-Hydroxybenzyl) adenosine can be used in studies related to alcohol use disorder.

Noribogaine hydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable SERT inhibitor (IC₅₀=50-300 nM) and hERG channel blocker. Noribogaine hydrochloride enhances serotonergic transmission, activates the κ-opioid receptor (OPRK) G protein signaling pathway and inhibits β-arrestin recruitment. Meanwhile, Noribogaine hydrochloride blocks the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM) signaling pathway as well as ion channels associated with cardiac repolarization. Noribogaine hydrochloride induces neuritogenesis, upregulates GDNF mRNA expression, and modulates opioid tolerance. Noribogaine hydrochloride reduces alcohol-seeking behavior in experimental animals, and is widely used in studies related to depression, addiction, alcoholism, and cardiotoxicity.

RTI-122 is a selective, blood-brain barrier-permeable GPR88 agonist (cAMP EC₅₀=11 nM), with EC₅₀ values of 11.5 nM and 155 nM for human and mouse GPR88, respectively ([³⁵S]GTPγS assay). By activating the GPR88 receptor to regulate the cAMP signaling pathway and G protein activity, RTI-122 significantly attenuates Binge-like drinking, reduces alcohol intake, and decreases alcohol-seeking motivation. RTI-122 blocks the reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior without affecting water or sucrose intake. RTI-122 exhibits metabolic stability in mice (T_1/2=5.8 h) and can be used to investigate alcohol use disorder.

(-)-Isocorypalmine (Tetrahydrocolumbamine; (S)-Tetrahydrocolumbamine) is a dopamine receptor ligand and modulator capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. (-)-Isocorypalmine exhibits receptor selectivity, acting as a partial agonist of dopamine D1 and D5 receptors (coupled via Gs proteins), as well as an antagonist of D2, D3 and D4 receptors (by blocking Gi protein-mediated signaling). (-)-Isocorypalmine shows no significant binding to various non-dopamine receptors, ion channels and transporters. (-)-Isocorypalmine is metabolically stable in vivo, effectively inhibits spontaneous and cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion, sensitization and conditioned place preference in mice, and does not induce addictive place preference when administered alone. (-)-Isocorypalmine can be used in addiction research.

Cyclazocine is a μ, δ, and κ opioid receptor modulator with K_i values of 0.32, 1.1, and 0.18 nM, respectively. Cyclazocine exhibits "mixed" pharmacological activities, acting as a μ-partial antagonist, κ-agonist, and low-affinity δ ligand. Cyclazocine shows antinociceptive activity in mice. Cyclazocine can be used in studies on psychoactive substance addiction.

5-HT2A receptor agonist-14 (Compound I-23) is a tricyclic 5-HT2A receptor agonist with a pEC₅₀ value ≥ 6. 5-HT2A receptor agonist-14 can be used in research related to depression, anxiety, substance abuse and headache.

LR1143 is a dopamine transporter (DAT) and 5-HT uptake inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 3.4 nM and 112 nM in rats, respectively. LR1143 binds to DAT labeled with the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12935 (HY-12242A), with an IC₅₀ of 4.4 nM. LR1143 shows lower selectivity for DAT than for serotonin reuptake sites. LR1143 can be used in studies related to cocaine abuse.

VK4-116 (Compound 19) is a selective Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonist with a K_i of 6.84 nM.VK4-116 significantly inhibits Oxycodone-induced hyperlocomotion and locomotor sensitization in mouse models. VK4-116 with pretreatment also inhibits the acquisition of Oxycodone-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rat models.

AI 3-25755 (OMS-403) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist. AI 3-25755 can be used for research on opioid abuse and smoking cessation.

ML138 is a blood-brain barrier-permeable κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist, with an EC₅₀ value of 0.87 μM and a human K_i value of 2.4 nM for human receptors; it exhibits high selectivity for KOR over μ, δ and other receptors. ML138 activates β-arrestin (beta-arrestin)-mediated signaling pathways, stimulates G protein coupling, and activates the downstream extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) signaling pathway. ML138 is applicable to research related to addictive behaviors.

Anticonvulsant agent 12 is a naphthalene-containing azole compound with anticonvulsant activity. Anticonvulsant agent 12 can be used in the research of central nervous system diseases including anxiety, depression, convulsion, epilepsy, migraine, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, smoking, ADHD, obesity, sleep disorders, stroke, neuropathic pain, cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative diseases and muscle spasms.

BD-1063 is a selective σ-1 receptor antagonist with inhibitory activity against TRPC5 and TRPM3. BD-1063 exerts anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic effects by inhibiting sustained calcium influx mediated by TRPC5 and TRPM3, and reverses the effects of Carrageenan (HY-125474). BD-1063 also significantly reduces excessive ethanol self-administration behavior. BD-1063 is widely used in studies on the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain, inflammatory hyperalgesia, and alcohol abuse and dependence.