HVEM

null Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM, TNFRSF14, CD270) is a TNF receptor superfamily member with an unusually broad interactome that positions it as a molecular switch between co-stimulation and inhibition. HVEM binds four TNF-family ligands-LIGHT, LTα1β2, CD160 ligand activity and BTLA's counterpart-as well as the Ig superfamily members BTLA and CD160, which deliver inhibitory signals when engaged by HVEM. Expressed on T cells, B cells, NK cells, dendritic cells and epithelial cells, HVEM transduces TRAF2/5-dependent NF-κB and PI3K-AKT survival signals via its ligand LIGHT, promoting T-cell activation, memory generation and mucosal immunity; conversely, HVEM acting as a ligand for BTLA and CD160 dampens T-cell and NK-cell responses, enforcing peripheral tolerance and intestinal homeostasis. Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D exploits HVEM for viral entry. Dysregulated HVEM signaling contributes to autoimmunity, inflammatory bowel disease and tumor immune escape, and HVEM loss in tumors correlates with T-cell exclusion.