Prenol Lipids

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; TPA; Phorbol myristate acetate), a phorbol ester, is a dual SphK and protein kinase C (PKC) activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a NF-κB activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces differentiation in THP-1 cells (Validated by MedChemExpress).

Forskolin (Coleonol) is a potent adenylate cyclase activator with an IC₅₀ of 41 nM and an EC₅₀ of 0.5 μM for type I adenylyl cyclase. Forskolin is also an inducer of intracellular cAMP formation. Forskolin induces differentiation of various cell types and activates pregnane X receptor (PXR) and FXR. Forskolin exerts a inotropic effect on the heart, and has platelet antiaggregatory and antihypertensive actions. Forskolin also induces autophagy.

Paclitaxel is a naturally occurring antineoplastic agent and stabilizes tubulin polymerization. Paclitaxel can cause both mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death. Paclitaxel also induces autophagy.

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC₅₀s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with K_d of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.

Thapsigargin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, is an inhibitor of microsomal Ca²⁺-ATPase. Thapsigargin efficiently inhibits coronavirus (HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2) replication in different cell types.

Momilactone A is a naturally derived diterpene lactone with multiple biological activities including anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Momilactone A inhibits inflammatory responses by reducing NO production and iNOS expression. Momilactone A acts as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel; it forms an isolating film on the metal surface via adsorption between oxygen atoms of the molecule and iron ions, thereby blocking corrosive media. Momilactone A inhibits the growth of fungal and bacterial organisms, and also functions as an allelochemical to inhibit the growth of adjacent competing plants. Momilactone A can be used in studies related to leukemia, fungal infections and bacterial infections.

β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate-d₆ (ABA-GE-d₆) is the deuterium labeled β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate (HY-111974). β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate (ABA-GE) is a hydrolyzable?abscisic acid?(ABA) conjugate that accumulates in the vacuole and presumably also in the endoplasmic reticulum. The deconjugation of β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate allows the rapid formation of free ABA in response to abiotic stress conditions such as dehydration and salt stress. β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate contributes to the maintenance of ABA homeostasis.

Ubiquinone Q3 is an isoprenoid-chain ubiquinone homologue found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli, and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Ubiquinone Q3 has antioxidant activity and traps lipid peroxyl radicals.

Trolox is an analogue of vitamin E with a powerful antioxidant effect. Trolox is also a powerful inhibitor of membrane damage.

α-Vitamin E ((+)-α-Tocopherol), a naturally occurring vitamin E form, is a potent antioxidant.

Troglitazone is an orally active PPARγ agonist, with EC₅₀s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively. Troglitazone has anticancer activity, prevents and inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes.

Coenzyme Q10 is an essential cofactor of the electron transport chain and a potent antioxidant agent.

Ursolic acid (Prunol) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, exerts anti-tumor effects and is an effective compound for cancer prevention and therapy.

Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a sesquiterpene lactone, is an anti-malarial agent isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L. plants. Artemisinin inhibits AKT signaling pathway by decreasing pAKT in a dose-dependent manner. Artemisinin reduces cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis and metastasis and has neuroprotective effects.

Genipin ((+)-Genipin) is a natural crosslinking reagent derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits. Genipin inhibits UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2) in cells. Genipin has a variety of bioactivities, including modulation on proteins, antitumor, anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, antithrombosis, and protection of hippocampal neurons. Genipin also can be used for type 2 diabetes research.

Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities.

Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed.

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of Panax ginseng. Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates the impaired cognitive function, displays promising effects by reducing cerebral Aβ levels. Ginsenoside Rg1 also reduces NF-κB nuclear translocation.

Vitamin K1 a naturally occurring vitamin required for blood coagulation and bone and vascular metabolism.

Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Betulinic acid can cross the blood-brain barrier.