Cat. No.: HY-14649

Retinoic acid

(Synonyms: Vitamin A acid; all-trans-Retinoic acid; ATRA)

130 Cited Publications

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Based on 130 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC₅₀s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with K_d of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.81%
CAS No.: 302-79-4
Formula: C₂₀H₂₈O₂
Molecular Weight:300.44

Storage:

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Retinoic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 302-79-4

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Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (130)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
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Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[2]^[5]

PPARβ/δ

17 nM (Kd)

PPARα

103 nM (Kd)

PPARγ

178 nM (Kd)

Human Endogenous Metabolite

PPARα

14 nM (IC₅₀)

PPARγ

14 nM (IC₅₀)

RARβ

14 nM (IC₅₀)

CRABP-II

All RAR/RXR Isoforms :

All PPAR Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
3LLD122	IC₅₀	33 μM Compound: ATRA	Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of lung carcinoma (3LLD122) cell lines by 50% Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of lung carcinoma (3LLD122) cell lines by 50%	[PMID: 10956204]
BE(2)-C	IC₅₀	6.7 μM Compound: ATRA	Antiproliferative activity against human BE2C cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 96 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human BE2C cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 96 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38432288]
COLO 205	IC₅₀	37 μM Compound: ATRA	Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20405849]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
COS-7	EC₅₀	12 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARbeta ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARbeta ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
COS-7	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.6 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	1.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	1.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1015 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoid X receptor RXR-alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoid X receptor RXR-alpha	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1211 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR beta	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	19 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	436 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	78 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	961 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.7 nM Compound: Retinoic acid	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 7490725]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: Retinoic acid	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 7490725]
CV-1	EC₅₀	7 nM Compound: Retinoic acid	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 7490725]
CV-1	EC₅₀	10 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1100 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1400 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	350 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	80 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	900 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	105 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1084 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR alpha	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1225 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1394 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR beta	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	33 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	563 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	20 nM Compound: RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 8978832]
CV-1	EC₅₀	459 nM Compound: RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 8978832]
CV-1	EC₅₀	87 nM Compound: RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 8978832]
CV-1	EC₅₀	2 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 9572893]
CV-1	EC₅₀	22 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 9572893]
CV-1	EC₅₀	6 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR gamma	[PMID: 9572893]
CV-1	EC₅₀	>2000 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR alpha	[PMID: 9572893]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.7 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor gamma using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor gamma using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor beta using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor beta using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1100 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor gamma using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor gamma using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1400 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor beta using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor beta using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	7 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor alpha using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor alpha using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	900 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor alpha using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor alpha using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CWR22R	GI₅₀	25.11 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human CWR22Rv1 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human CWR22Rv1 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
DU-145	GI₅₀	11.64 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
F9	IC₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: 7, trans- RA	Induction of terminal differentiation in mouse F9 cells assessed by measuring secreted plasminogen activator activity after 3 days Induction of terminal differentiation in mouse F9 cells assessed by measuring secreted plasminogen activator activity after 3 days	[PMID: 17489579]
F9	ED₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: 1	Ability to displace 3 uM retinoid and [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells using F9 Plasminogen Activator releasing assay Ability to displace 3 uM retinoid and [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells using F9 Plasminogen Activator releasing assay	[PMID: 2738885]
F9	ED₅₀	1.5 nM Compound: 1	Ability to displace [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, was assessed in a F9 laminin release assay Ability to displace [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, was assessed in a F9 laminin release assay	[PMID: 2738885]
F9	ED₅₀	1.0 x 10^-10 M Compound: 1a	Ability to induce differentiation of mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Ability to induce differentiation of mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells.	[PMID: 2836589]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	10 μM Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of UVB irradiation-induced MMP1 production in human dermal fibroblasts after 48 hrs Inhibition of UVB irradiation-induced MMP1 production in human dermal fibroblasts after 48 hrs	[PMID: 18029185]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	28.7 μM Compound: Retinoic acid	Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	301.3 μM Compound: Retinoic acid	Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HL-60	IC₅₀	11 μM Compound: ATRA(all-trans-retinoic acid)	Cytostatic activity against HL-60 cells Cytostatic activity against HL-60 cells	[PMID: 10585206]
HL-60	ED₅₀	1.25 μM Compound: ATRA	In vitro for the differentiation induction activity determined in the human myeloid leukemic cell line HL-60 In vitro for the differentiation induction activity determined in the human myeloid leukemic cell line HL-60	[PMID: 10956204]
HL-60	IC₅₀	11 μM Compound: ATRA	In vitro cytotoxicity against HL60 cells. In vitro cytotoxicity against HL60 cells.	[PMID: 11128648]
HL-60	IC₅₀	18 μM Compound: ATRA	In vitro inhibition of HL60 cell proliferation In vitro inhibition of HL60 cell proliferation	[PMID: 11428925]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: Retinoic acid	Effective concentration required for induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells into mature granulocytes. Effective concentration required for induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells into mature granulocytes.	[PMID: 15261256]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: 1	Concentration required for 50% inhibition of differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 Concentration required for 50% inhibition of differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60	[PMID: 1738149]
HL-60	ED₅₀	50 nM Compound: 1	Compound was evaluated for the retinoid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 using trans-retinoic acid as the standard. Compound was evaluated for the retinoid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 using trans-retinoic acid as the standard.	[PMID: 1992144]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: 1 (Retinoic acid)	Ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes. Ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes.	[PMID: 2329565]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 nM Compound: RA	Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction	[PMID: 2704028]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: RA	Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction	[PMID: 2704028]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: Retinoic acid	The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line to mature granulocyte The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line to mature granulocyte	[PMID: 2709376]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: retinoic acid	Compound was tested for differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 Compound was tested for differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60	[PMID: 2795600]
HL-60	CC₅₀	23 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human HL-60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by trypan blue staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human HL-60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by trypan blue staining based assay	[PMID: 33895500]
HL-60	EC₅₀	5 nM Compound: RA	Transglutaminase activity in HL-60 cdm-1 cells Transglutaminase activity in HL-60 cdm-1 cells	[PMID: 7636843]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 nM Compound: retinoic acid	The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay	[PMID: 8182710]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: retinoic acid	The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay	[PMID: 8182710]
HL-60	EC₅₀	5 nM Compound: RA	Induction of transglutaminase (TGase) activity in HL-60 cells Induction of transglutaminase (TGase) activity in HL-60 cells	[PMID: 8784454]
HL-60	ED₅₀	120 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Induction of HL-60 cells differentiation over 4 days Induction of HL-60 cells differentiation over 4 days	[PMID: 9572893]
HT-29	IC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: ATRA	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20405849]
HT-29	CC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	10 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human LNCaP cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human LNCaP cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	5 x 10^-7 M Compound: ATRA	Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19375825]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	5 x 10^-1 μM Compound: ATRA	Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19375825]
LNCaP	GI₅₀	47.86 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
LNCaP	GI₅₀	10.33 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
MCF7	IC₅₀	0.58 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
MCF7	IC₅₀	584.5 nM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative effect against human MCF7 cells Antiproliferative effect against human MCF7 cells	[PMID: 15615521]
MCF7	GI₅₀	12.39 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
MCF7	IC₅₀	6.14 μM Compound: atRA	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs	[PMID: 33139111]
MCF7	CC₅₀	20 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by cell counting assay Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by cell counting assay	[PMID: 33895500]
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	10.85 μM Compound: ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18543902]
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	14.12 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	16 μM Compound: atRA	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs	[PMID: 33139111]
MDA-MB-453	GI₅₀	9.51 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-453 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-453 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
MDA-MB-468	GI₅₀	14.12 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-468 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-468 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
ME-180	CC₅₀	80 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human ME-180 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth Antiproliferative activity against human ME-180 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth	[PMID: 33895500]
MIA PaCa-2	IC₅₀	9.5 μM Compound: ATRA	Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of pancreatic human (PACA) cell lines by 50% Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of pancreatic human (PACA) cell lines by 50%	[PMID: 10956204]
MOLM-13	CC₅₀	1.24 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human MOLM-13 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by WST-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human MOLM-13 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by WST-8 assay	[PMID: 33895500]
NB-4	CC₅₀	1.5 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human NB-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human NB-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
NB-4	ED₅₀	610 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Induction of NB4 cell differentiation Induction of NB4 cell differentiation	[PMID: 9572893]
Panel leukemia (Carcinoma cell lines)	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: Retinoic acid	Effective dose for differentiation -inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cells Effective dose for differentiation -inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cells	[PMID: 3184125]
PC-3	IC₅₀	2 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
PC-3	GI₅₀	7.6 μM Compound: ATRA	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18543902]
PC-3	GI₅₀	36.3 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
PC-3	GI₅₀	12.64 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
PC-3	CC₅₀	12.7 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
Raji	IC₅₀	482 molar ratio Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells	[PMID: 16441065]
Raji	IC₅₀	15.4 nM Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells after 48 hrs Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells after 48 hrs	[PMID: 17503850]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	1.7 nM Compound: ATRA (Retinoic acid)	Inhibition of ER-negative human breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 proliferation Inhibition of ER-negative human breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 proliferation	[PMID: 12372520]
SK-BR-3	GI₅₀	22.9 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human SKBR3 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human SKBR3 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
T47D	IC₅₀	200 nM Compound: ATRA (Retinoic acid)	Inhibition of ER positive human breast cancer cell T-47D proliferation Inhibition of ER positive human breast cancer cell T-47D proliferation	[PMID: 12372520]
T47D	IC₅₀	0.006 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human T47D cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human T47D cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
T47D	GI₅₀	0.82 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]

In Vitro

Retinoic acid (All-trans-retinoic acid, ATRA) is a highly potent derivative of vitamin A that is required for virtually all essential physiological processes and functions because of its involvement in transcriptional regulation of over 530 different genes. Retinoic acid exerts its actions by serving as an activating ligand of nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα-γ), which form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRα-γ)^[1].
Retinoic acid (RA) bound to PPARα and PPARγ with a low affinity demonstrated by K_d values of 100-200 nM. In contrast, Retinoic acid associates with PPARβ/δ with a K_d of 17 nM, revealing both high affinity and isotype selectivity^[2].
Undifferentiated P19 cells express the Retinoic acid (RA) receptors RARα, RARβ, RARγ, and PPARβ/δ, as well as the Retinoic acid -binding proteins CRABP-II and FABP5. Induction of differentiation by treatment of cells with Retinoic acid results in transient up-regulation of CRABP-II and down-regulation of FABP5 that are observed at the level of both the respective proteins and mRNAs. Following the initial decrease, the level of both FABP5 protein and mRNA increases to attain a 2-2.5-fold higher level in mature neurons as compared with undifferentiated P19 cells. Induction of differentiation does not markedly affect the levels of either RARα or PPARβ/δ. The level of RARγ mRNA decreases by about 5-fold by day 4 and remained low in mature neurons^[3].
Retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen derived from retinol (vitamin A) that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. The Retinoic acid interacts with retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) which then regulate the target gene expression^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 302-79-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 300.44
Formula C₂₀H₂₈O₂
Color Light yellow to yellow
SMILES

CC1(C)C(/C=C/C(C)=C/C=C/C(C)=C/C(O)=O)=C(C)CCC1
Synonyms

Vitamin A acid; all-trans-Retinoic acid; ATRA
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Publications (130)

All WBIFCell Proliferation/Viability Assay

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Journal Impact Factor

Cell Res

Derivation of totipotent-like stem cells with blastocyst-like structure forming potential. [Abstract]

2022 Jun;32(6):513-529. PMID: 35508506
Blood

Non-canonical EZH2 drives retinoic acid resistance of variant acute promyelocytic leukemias. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 1;140(22):2358-2370. PMID: 35984905
Cell Stem Cell

Establishing dorsal-ventral patterning in human neural tube organoids with synthetic organizers. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 3;32(7):1071-1086.e8. PMID: 40373768
Cell Host Microbe

UBE2O-mediated monoubiquitination licenses NLRP6 inflammasome activation in the intestine. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 14;34(1):86-102.e8. PMID: 41500221
Sci Immunol

GPR25 promotes the formation of lung and liver tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 21;10(113):eadu2089. PMID: 41270189
ACS Nano

Reprogramming Postablation Tumor Immune Microenvironment with Dual-Function Nanotherapeutic Immunomodulator for Synergistic Antitumor Immunity and Recurrence Suppression. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 17;20(10):8236-8254. PMID: 41778965
Nat Commun

Selective targeting of genome amplifications and repeat elements by CRISPR-Cas9 nickases to promote cancer cell death. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 2;16(1):5126. PMID: 40456709
Nat Commun

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling determines neuroblastoma cell fate and sensitivity to retinoic acid. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 28;16(1):2036. PMID: 40021625

Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 28;16(1):2036. [Abstract]

Immunofluorescent staining for CHP-134 cells treated with indicated compounds (2 µM ATRA, 0.5 µM K02288) for 6 days. MAP2 and NEFH expression and neurite structures are shown in red. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).

Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 28;16(1):2036. [Abstract]

c-PARP expression in CHP-134 and NB13 treated for 3 days (2 µM ATRA and 0.1 µM FK506 for CHP-134, 0.05 µM ATRA and 5 µM FK506 for NB13).

Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 28;16(1):2036. [Abstract]

Viability of CHP-134 cells (left) treated with ATRA for 6 days in the presence of vehicle control or 10 ng/ml BMP recombinant proteins. Cell viability was measured with CellTiter-Glo. ATRA IC50 for CHP-134 (right) in the presence of each BMP was calculated with GraphPad Prism 9. Data represent the mean ± SD of 3 independent replicates.
Nat Commun

CDK9 recruits HUWE1 to degrade RARα and offers therapeutic opportunities for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 5;15(1):10594. PMID: 39632829
Nat Commun

High-content screening identifies a small molecule that restores AP-4-dependent protein trafficking in neuronal models of AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 17;15(1):584. PMID: 38233389
Bone Res

Chaperone-mediated autophagy directs a dual mechanism to balance premature senescence and senolysis to prevent intervertebral disc degeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 12;13(1):62. PMID: 40506462
Autophagy

PRKN activation for mitophagy requires an NME3-regulated phosphatidic acid signal that separates mitochondria from endoplasmic reticulum tethering. [Abstract]

2026 May;22(5):963-981. PMID: 41640016
Autophagy

ESRRA-ATG5-Mediated mitophagy enhances arginine metabolism to alleviate diabetic kidney disease. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 23:1-25. PMID: 41376268
Autophagy

Impaired degradation of PLCG1 by chaperone-mediated autophagy promotes cellular senescence and intervertebral disc degeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;21(2):352-373. PMID: 39212196
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Morphine Tolerance Gated through EZH2-Mediated Suppression of Trpc5 in Spinal GABAergic Interneurons in Male Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 20:e07908. PMID: 41111460
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Capture of Totipotency in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in the Absence of Pdzk1. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 4:e2408852. PMID: 39630006
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Synthetic Retinoid Kills Drug-Resistant Cancer Stem Cells via Inducing RARγ-Translocation-Mediated Tension Reduction and Chromatin Decondensation. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 28;e2203173. PMID: 36031407
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Modeling Human Thyroid Development by Fetal Tissue-Derived Organoid Culture. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 22;e2105568. PMID: 35064652
Leukemia

Causal linkage of presence of mutant NPM1 to efficacy of novel therapeutic agents against AML cells with mutant NPM1. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;37(6):1336-1348. PMID: 36977823

Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Leukemia. 2023 Jun;37(6):1336-1348. [Abstract]

Immunoblot analyses of OCI-AML3 cells transfected with sgRNA Ctrl or sgNPM1A for 96 hours and then treated with 100 nM of ATRA for 24 hours.
J Adv Res

Role of Netrin-1 dysregulation in early neuronal pathology of α-synuclein models of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 4:S2090-1232(25)00676-9. PMID: 40889702
J Adv Res

Haploinsufficiency of intraflagellar transport protein 172 causes autism-like behavioral phenotypes in mice through BDNF. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 10:S2090-1232(24)00382-5. PMID: 39265888
Biomaterials

Remodeling of imbalanced extracellular matrix homeostasis for reversal of pancreatic fibrosis. [Abstract]

2023 Jan:292:121945. PMID: 36508773
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Inhibition of retinoic acid receptor α phosphorylation represses the progression of triple-negative breast cancer via transactivating miR-3074-5p to target DHRS3. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 26;40(1):141. PMID: 33902658
Sci Adv

Histone demethylase LSD1 is critical for endochondral ossification during bone fracture healing. [Abstract]

2020 Nov 4;6(45):eaaz1410. PMID: 33148658
J Hazard Mater

Avermectin induces photoreceptor functional impairment and color vision deficits in zebrafish (Danio rerio). [Abstract]

2025 Mar 29:492:138085. PMID: 40174454
Genome Med

EMB is essential for enteric nervous system development mediated by PI3K signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 25;17(1):102. PMID: 40999499
MedComm (2020)

Gene Therapy Targeting Pkp2 Deficiency Attenuates Cardiac Fibrosis: Insights From Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Pkp2-Knockout Rats. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 18;6(10):e70392. PMID: 40979216
Cell Rep Med

Interferon-γ-stimulated antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts hinder neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy efficacy in lung cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 18;6(3):102017. PMID: 40056907
Mater Today Bio

GlycoRNA-rich, neutrophil membrane-coated, siMT1-loaded nanoparticles mitigate abdominal aortic aneurysm progression by inhibiting the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 4:31:101630. PMID: 40124343
Cancer Lett

All-trans retinoic acid exerts selective anti-FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia efficacy through downregulating Chk1 kinase. [Abstract]

2020 Mar 31;473:130-138. PMID: 31904486
Cell Death Dis

POU5F1 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells by reducing the ubiquitination level of TRAF6. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 7;14(12):802. PMID: 38062041
Cell Death Dis

Histone H3K36me2 demethylase KDM2A promotes bladder cancer progression through epigenetically silencing RARRES3. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 13;13(6):547. PMID: 35697678
Cell Commun Signal

Hypoxia-preconditioning human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce high-quality mitochondrial transfer through gap junctions to alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver graft. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 13;23(1):495. PMID: 41233822
Cell Commun Signal

Retinoic acid enhances γδ T cell cytotoxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by reversing immune exhaustion. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 29;23(1):156. PMID: 40158172
Cell Commun Signal

Downregulation of connexin 43-based gap junctions underlies propofol-induced excessive relaxation in hypertensive vascular smooth muscle cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 28;21(1):163. PMID: 37381027
Cancer Biol Med

GPRC5A/CXCL8/NLRP3-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps drive gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 15;22(7):832-853. PMID: 40665634
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Inhibiting von Hippel‒Lindau protein-mediated Dishevelled ubiquitination protects against experimental parkinsonism. [Abstract]

2023 May;44(5):940-953. PMID: 36357669
Phytomedicine

2025 Dec 28.
EMBO Mol Med

PGF2α facilitates pathological retinal angiogenesis by modulating endothelial FOS-driven ELR+ CXC chemokine expression. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 11;15(1):e16373. PMID: 36511116
Br J Pharmacol

Contributions of synaptic energetic dysfunction by microtubule dynamics and microtubule-based mitochondrial transport disorder to morphine tolerance. [Abstract]

2025 May 13. PMID: 40361281
Oncogene

PDZRN4 suppresses lung adenocarcinoma progression via inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated HIF-1A degradation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 29. PMID: 41461926
Stem Cell Res Ther

RA signaling pathway combined with Wnt signaling pathway regulates human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiation to sinus node-like cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 18;13(1):324. PMID: 35851424
Cell Chem Biol

Inter- and intra-tumoral ALDH1 heterogeneity in breast cancer identifies therapeutic opportunities for ALDH1A-specific inhibitors. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 30:S2451-9456(25)00268-5. PMID: 41033308
Blood Adv

KDM5A suppresses PML-RARα target gene expression and APL differentiation through repressing H3K4me2. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 14;5(17):3241-3253. PMID: 34448811
Microbiol Res

Clostridium butyricum-induced balance in colonic retinol metabolism and short-chain fatty acid levels inhibit IgA-related mucosal immunity and relieve colitis developments. [Abstract]

2025 May 2:298:128203. PMID: 40319662
J Med Chem

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Arylimidazole Derivatives as Potent PPARδ Agonists for the Treatment of Renal Fibrosis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 26;69(4):4469-4492. PMID: 41667192
J Med Chem

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Triazolone Derivatives as Potent PPARα/δ Dual Agonists for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 10;65(3):2571-2592. PMID: 35060744
Antioxidants (Basel)

Imaging Reactive Oxygen Species with L-012 Reveals Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 8;14(12):1473. PMID: 41462673
Phytother Res

Baicalin attenuated metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation via the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathway in db/db mice. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;39(4):1663-1678. PMID: 37697721
J Agric Food Chem

Orally Administered Neohesperidin (Neo) Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis by Suppressing TLR4/NF-κB and Activating AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling, and Regulating Intestinal Flora Structure. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 21;74(2):2140-2156. PMID: 41506296
Cell Mol Life Sci

Reduced ALDH1A1 expression in multiple myeloma cells increases resistance to daratumumab via downregulation of retinoic acid. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 7;82(1):352. PMID: 41055748
J Agric Food Chem

l-Glutamic Acid Alleviates Mastitis in Dairy Cows by Targeting the Sirt5/Nrf2/Prdx1 Signaling Axis and Mitochondrial Function. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 12;73(6):3483-3493. PMID: 39895052
Cell Biosci

Salidroside reduces neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease models by targeting NRF2/SIRT3 pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 4;12(1):180. PMID: 36333711
JCI Insight

CAR-engineered cytolytic Tregs reverse pulmonary fibrosis and remodel the fibrotic niche with limited CRS. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 8;10(15):e182050. PMID: 40627450
JCI Insight

BPDCN MYB fusions regulate cell cycle genes, impair differentiation, and induce myeloid-dendritic cell leukemia. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 5:e183889. PMID: 39499902
JCI Insight

All-trans retinoic acid inhibits glioblastoma progression and attenuates radiation-induced brain injury. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 8;9(21):e179530. PMID: 39513361
JCI Insight

MEX3B inhibits collagen production in eosinophilic nasal polyps by downregulating epithelial cell TGFBR3 mRNA stability. [Abstract]

2023 May 8;8(9):e159058. PMID: 36976645
Eur J Med Chem

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazolidinone derivatives as potent PPARα/δ agonists for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 15:286:117284. PMID: 39827490
Eur J Med Chem

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of piperazine derivatives as pan-PPARs agonists for the treatment of liver fibrosis. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 5:269:116344. PMID: 38522113
Bioeng Transl Med

An engineered probiotic secreting Sj16 ameliorates colitis via Ruminococcaceae/butyrate/retinoic acid axis. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 2;6(3):e10219. PMID: 34589596
Biosensors (Basel)

FAP-Anchored Retinoic Acid Nanoparticles for Stromal Reprogramming and Enhanced Intratumoral Oxaliplatin Delivery in Fibrotic Colorectal Tumours. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 25;16(4):189. PMID: 42041410
J Ginseng Res

20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 ameliorates ATRA resistance in APL by modulating lactylation-driven METTL3. [Abstract]

2024 May;48(3):298-309. PMID: 38707638
Chem Biol Interact

The role of regulatory T cells on the activation of astrocytes in the brain of high-fat diet mice following lead exposure. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 5:351:109740. PMID: 34742682
Cells

Upregulated Hexokinase-2 in Airway Epithelium Regulates Apoptosis and Drives Inflammation in Asthma via Peptidylprolyl Isomerase F. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 1;14(13):1004. PMID: 40643524
Life Sci

Effects of high levels of androgens on oocyte maturation and potential regulatory role of retinoic acid. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 11:123463. PMID: 39947312
Drug Des Devel Ther

Andrographolide Inhibits Static Mechanical Pressure-Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration via the MAPK/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 20:17:535-550. PMID: 36845666
Life Sci

Expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is associated with metastasis and differentiation in gastric cancer. [Abstract]

2020 Feb 1;242:117247. PMID: 31899223
CNS Neurosci Ther

Melatonin Alleviates Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Offspring Caused by Prenatal Stress. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;31(3):e70347. PMID: 40130458
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

2026 Jan 1.
Int Immunopharmacol

TNFAIP3, PADI4, and CXCR4 as biomarkers of neutrophil extracellular traps in severe asthma. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 29:170:116118. PMID: 41475137
Eur J Pharmacol

Demyelination in cuprizone mice is ameliorated by calycosin mediated through astrocyte Nrf2 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 1:177090. PMID: 39489278
Int Immunopharmacol

Inhibiting the SARM1-NAD+ axis reduces oxidative stress-induced damage to retinal and nerve cells. [Abstract]

2024 May 8:134:112193. PMID: 38723372
Eur J Pharmacol

ATRA promotes PD-L1 expression to control gastric cancer immune surveillance. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 5:920:174822. PMID: 35151642
Eur J Pharmacol

Adapalene suppressed the proliferation of melanoma cells by S-phase arrest and subsequent apoptosis via induction of DNA damage. [Abstract]

2019 May 15:851:174-185. PMID: 30836068
Toxicology

AhR/ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to PFOSA-induced cardiac defects. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 2:520:154363. PMID: 41338066
Cancer Biol Ther

Caspase 3-specific cleavage of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 48 enhances drug-induced apoptosis in AML. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;26(1):2459426. PMID: 39878157
Cell Rep Methods

RECOVER identifies synergistic drug combinations in vitro through sequential model optimization. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 23;3(10):100599. PMID: 37797618
Brain Commun

High-throughput imaging of ATG9A distribution as a diagnostic functional assay for adaptor protein complex 4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 25;3(4):fcab221. PMID: 34729478
Cancers (Basel)

A Combinatorial Regulatory Platform Determines Expression of RNA Polymerase III Subunit RPC7α (POLR3G) in Cancer. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 15;15(20):4995. PMID: 37894362
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

Longitudinal assessment activation of TGF-β1/pSmad2/3 signaling promotes hepatocyte reprogramming and fibrosis via Oct4, Sox9, and RunX2 in experimentally induced rats. [Abstract]

2026 Aug;1872(6):168278. PMID: 42068642
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

METTL3 promotes human amniotic epithelial stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells by regulation of MaFA expression. [Abstract]

2025 May 13:167904. PMID: 40374016
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

Icariin protects human nucleus pulposus cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. [Abstract]

2020 Jan 1;1866(1):165575. PMID: 31666206
iScience

Alphaherpesvirus manipulates retinoic acid metabolism for optimal replication. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 4;27(7):110144. PMID: 38989466
iScience

A nonautophagic role of ATG5 in regulating cell growth by targeting c-Myc for proteasome-mediated degradation. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 16;24(11):103296. PMID: 34755101
J Biol Chem

A cell-based assay for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase activity: Retinoid quantification as an alternative to current fluorescence-based approaches. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 29;302(3):111211. PMID: 41617028
J Biomed Mater Res A

GelMA Hydrogel Encapsulating iPSC-Derived Human Spinal Cord Organoids Enhances Neural Regeneration and Restores Motor Function in Rat Spinal Cord Injury. [Abstract]

2025 Oct;113(10):e38001. PMID: 41051068
Sci Rep

The key regulation of LncRNA MALAT during reprogramming of primary mouse hepatocytes into insulin producing cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 9;15(1):24614. PMID: 40634357
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci

SerpinA3N regulates the secretory phenotype of mouse senescent astrocytes contributing to neurodegeneration. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 1;79(4):glad278. PMID: 38175667
Cell Signal

Fenofibrate anti-RARα/RXRα dimerization to attenuate all-trans retinoic acid-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in mice. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:139:112357. PMID: 41506518
PLoS Comput Biol

Machine learning-based prediction reveals kinase MAP4K4 regulates neutrophil differentiation through phosphorylating apoptosis-related proteins. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 17;21(3):e1012877. PMID: 40096134
PLoS Negl Trop Dis

Identification of anti-flaviviral drugs with mosquitocidal and anti-Zika virus activity in Aedes aegypti. [Abstract]

2019 Aug 20;13(8):e0007681. PMID: 31430351
Appl Biochem Biotechnol

6-Gingerol Inhibits Ferroptosis in Endothelial Cells in Atherosclerosis by Activating the NRF2/HO-1 Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 22. PMID: 40120045
Neurotox Res

Duloxetine-Induced Neural Cell Death and Promoted Neurite Outgrowth in N2a Cells. [Abstract]

2020 Dec;38(4):859-870. PMID: 32415528
Pediatr Res

Neuropathiazol induces neuronal-like differentiation in neuroblastoma cells via upregulation of PEG5. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 20. PMID: 39972157
Exp Dermatol

miR-24-3p obstructs the proliferation and migration of human skin fibroblasts after thermal injury by targeting PPAR-β and positively regulated by NF-κB. [Abstract]

2022 Jun;31(6):841-853. PMID: 34932851
J Pharmacol Sci

Cinnamaldehyde protects SH-SY5Y cells against advanced glycation end-products induced ectopic cell cycle re-entry. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;156(1):1-8. PMID: 39068030
Toxicol Lett

Oxidative injury induced by drinking water disinfection by-products dibromoacetonitrile and dichloroacetonitrile in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells: The protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 15:365:61-73. PMID: 35724848
Exp Eye Res

The effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor and associated peptides on the differentiation of retinal ganglion cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. [Abstract]

2025 May 21:110440. PMID: 40409357
Exp Eye Res

Effects of amygdalin on ferroptosis and oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy progression via the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Sep:234:109569. PMID: 37422064
Fundam Clin Pharmacol

The third-generation retinoid adapalene triggered DNA damage to induce S-phase arrest in HaCat cells. [Abstract]

2020 Jun;34(3):380-388. PMID: 31808972
Int J Stem Cells

Strategic Application of Epigenetic Regulators for Efficient Neuronal Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts. [Abstract]

2023 May 30;16(2):156-167. PMID: 36823979
Gene

miR-125b-5p-MAPK1-C/EBPα feedback loop regulates all-trans retinoic acid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 30:889:147806. PMID: 37717613
Exp Ther Med

Differentiation of HL-60 cells in serum-free hematopoietic cell media enhances the production of neutrophil extracellular traps. [Abstract]

2021 Apr;21(4):353. PMID: 33732326
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Alleviation effect of taxifolin on diquat-induced damage to porcine intestinal epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 8:748:151318. PMID: 39826529
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Upregulation of NFE2L1 reduces ROS levels and α-synuclein aggregation caused by GBA1 knockdown. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 2:734:150640. PMID: 39241620
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

A cellular model for Wilson's disease using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells revealed aberrant β-catenin pathway during osteogenesis. [Abstract]

2019 May 28;513(2):386-391. PMID: 30967268
Curr Eye Res

Exogenous All- Trans Retinoic Acid Induces Similar Longitudinal Changes in Ocular Biometry to Hyperopic Defocus in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 17:1-11. PMID: 41408734
Biol Open

Human RBM3 protein is prone to form neuronal aggregates opposed by the proteasome. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 1;15(1):bio062179. PMID: 41384385
Intractable Rare Dis Res

A preliminary study on the mechanism of skeletal abnormalities in Turner syndrome using inducing pluripotent stem cells (iPS)- based disease models. [Abstract]

2019 May;8(2):113-119. PMID: 31218161
STAR Protoc

Protocol for in vitro isolation, induction, expansion, and determination of human natural regulatory T cells and induced regulatory T cells. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 9;3(4):101740. PMID: 36219560
bioRxiv

Zebrafish Functional Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa Caused by RHODOPSIN Q344X Mutation. [Abstract]

2026 May 6:2026.04.18.719270. PMID: 42079284
bioRxiv

2026 May 19.
Miguel Hernandez University

2026.
bioRxiv

Neuronal Cell-Cycle Re-entry Defines Divergent Outcomes Through Replication-Dependent DNA Damage in ALS. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 16:2026.02.13.705790. PMID: 41756973
Res Sq

2025 Dec 18.
Cell Biomater

2025 Dec 18.
bioRxiv

2025 Aug 19.
CICESE

2025.
bioRxiv

Arrayed CRISPR/Cas9 Loss-Of-Function Screen in a Neuronal Model of Adaptor Protein Complex 4 Deficiency Identifies Modulators of ATG9A Trafficking. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 23:2025.02.22.639634. PMID: 40027661
bioRxiv

2025 March 15.
Patent

US20250025542A1.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Aug 21.
Patent

US20240247230A1.
Research Square Preprint

2024 May 2.
SSRN

2024 Feb 14.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Oct 12.
Res Sq

High-Content Small Molecule Screen Identifies a Novel Compound That Restores AP-4-Dependent Protein Trafficking in Neuronal Models of AP-4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 12:rs.3.rs-3036166. PMID: 37398196
bioRxiv

2023 Apr 14.
Research Square Print

2022 Jul.
Oncotarget

RA and ω-3 PUFA co-treatment activates autophagy in cancer cells. [Abstract]

2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. PMID: 29312596

Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]

MCF-7 cells are pretreated with the indicated chemical inhibitors for 30min, followed by 15 min treatment with RA (20 μM) + EPA (80 μM).Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blotting analysis.

Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]

Cell morphology of MCF-7 treated with RA (20 μM)+ω-3 PUFAs (80 μM) with or without 3-MA (5 mM) for 24h.

Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]

Cells are treated with RA (20 μM) plus ω-3 PUFAs (80 μM) with or without CQ (5 μM) for 24 h. Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blotting analysis.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (166.42 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

3.3285 mL

16.6423 mL

33.2845 mL

5 mM

0.6657 mL

3.3285 mL

6.6569 mL

10 mM

0.3328 mL

1.6642 mL

3.3285 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

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Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Dilution Calculator

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Protocol

Cell Assay^[3]

P19 cell are induced to undergo neuronal differentiation according to established procedures. Briefly, cells are cultured on 1% agarose-coated 10 cm dishes at 3×10 ⁵ cells/mL in α-minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Differentiation is induced by addition of Retinoic acid (1 μM) and medium containing Retinoic acid replaced 2 days later. On day 4, cell aggregates are collected by centrifugation, separated to single cells by trypsin/EDTA treatment, replated onto poly-L-lysine-coated plates, and cultured in α-minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% FBS. On day 6, medium is replaced with neurobasal medium containing B27 supplement and 2 mM GlutaMAX. Medium is replaced every 2 days for an additional week^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (284 KB)
SDS (762 KB)
- English - EN (762 KB)
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COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Wu L, et al. Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Upregulate Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Human Epidermis. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 14;11(4):e0153556. [Content Brief]

[2]. Shaw N, et al. Retinoic acid is a high affinity selective ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41589-92. [Content Brief]

[3]. Yu S, et al. Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). J Biol Chem. 2012 Dec 7;287(50):42195-205. [Content Brief]

[4]. Kam RK, et al. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci. 2012 Mar 22;2(1):11. [Content Brief]

[5]. Apfel C, et al. A retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist selectively counteracts retinoic acid effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7129-33. [Content Brief]

[6]. Xiu Jun Wang, et al. Identification of retinoic acid as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19589-94. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	3.3285 mL	16.6423 mL	33.2845 mL	83.2113 mL
	5 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL	16.6423 mL
	10 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL	8.3211 mL
	15 mM	0.2219 mL	1.1095 mL	2.2190 mL	5.5474 mL
	20 mM	0.1664 mL	0.8321 mL	1.6642 mL	4.1606 mL
	25 mM	0.1331 mL	0.6657 mL	1.3314 mL	3.3285 mL
	30 mM	0.1109 mL	0.5547 mL	1.1095 mL	2.7737 mL
	40 mM	0.0832 mL	0.4161 mL	0.8321 mL	2.0803 mL
	50 mM	0.0666 mL	0.3328 mL	0.6657 mL	1.6642 mL
	60 mM	0.0555 mL	0.2774 mL	0.5547 mL	1.3869 mL
	80 mM	0.0416 mL	0.2080 mL	0.4161 mL	1.0401 mL
	100 mM	0.0333 mL	0.1664 mL	0.3328 mL	0.8321 mL

Keywords

Retinoic acid

130 Cited Publications

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Retinoic acid

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Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

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Cat. No.: HY-14649