Retinoic acid (Synonyms: Vitamin A acid; all-trans-Retinoic acid; ATRA)

Name: Retinoic acid
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-14649
Rating: 5.0 (127 reviews)

Cat. No.: HY-14649 Purity: 99.81%: Data Sheet
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Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC₅₀s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with K_d of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 302-79-4

Size	Stock	Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO ready for reconstitution	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
Solid
100 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
500 mg	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
1 g	In-stock	Estimated Time of Arrival: December 31
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Based on 127 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Retinoic acid:

127 Publications Citing Use of MCE Retinoic acid

Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 28;16(1):2036. [Abstract]; Immunofluorescent staining for CHP-134 cells treated with indicated compounds (2 µM ATRA, 0.5 µM K02288) for 6 days. MAP2 and NEFH expression and neurite structures are shown in red. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 28;16(1):2036. [Abstract]; c-PARP expression in CHP-134 and NB13 treated for 3 days (2 µM ATRA and 0.1 µM FK506 for CHP-134, 0.05 µM ATRA and 5 µM FK506 for NB13).

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 28;16(1):2036. [Abstract]; Viability of CHP-134 cells (left) treated with ATRA for 6 days in the presence of vehicle control or 10 ng/ml BMP recombinant proteins. Cell viability was measured with CellTiter-Glo. ATRA IC50 for CHP-134 (right) in the presence of each BMP was calculated with GraphPad Prism 9. Data represent the mean ± SD of 3 independent replicates.

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Leukemia. 2023 Jun;37(6):1336-1348. [Abstract]; Immunoblot analyses of OCI-AML3 cells transfected with sgRNA Ctrl or sgNPM1A for 96 hours and then treated with 100 nM of ATRA for 24 hours.

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]; MCF-7 cells are pretreated with the indicated chemical inhibitors for 30min, followed by 15 min treatment with RA (20 μM) + EPA (80 μM).Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blotting analysis.

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]; Cell morphology of MCF-7 treated with RA (20 μM)+ω-3 PUFAs (80 μM) with or without 3-MA (5 mM) for 24h.

: Retinoic acid purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncotarget. 2017 Nov 22;8(65):109135-109150. [Abstract]; Cells are treated with RA (20 μM) plus ω-3 PUFAs (80 μM) with or without CQ (5 μM) for 24 h. Cell extracts are prepared and subjected to western blotting analysis.

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Biological Activity
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Customer Review

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[2]^[5]

PPARβ/δ

17 nM (Kd)

PPARα

103 nM (Kd)

PPARγ

178 nM (Kd)

Human Endogenous Metabolite

PPARα

14 nM (IC₅₀)

PPARγ

14 nM (IC₅₀)

RARβ

14 nM (IC₅₀)

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
3LLD122	IC₅₀	33 μM Compound: ATRA	Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of lung carcinoma (3LLD122) cell lines by 50% Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of lung carcinoma (3LLD122) cell lines by 50%	[PMID: 10956204]
BE(2)-C	IC₅₀	6.7 μM Compound: ATRA	Antiproliferative activity against human BE2C cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 96 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human BE2C cells assessed as reduction in cell growth incubated for 96 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 38432288]
COLO 205	IC₅₀	37 μM Compound: ATRA	Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human COLO205 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20405849]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
COS-7	EC₅₀	0.6 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARgamma-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	1.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARalpha-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	1.2 nM Compound: ATRA	Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused mouse RARbeta-LBD expressed in COS-7 cells after 24 hrs by bright-Glo reagent based assay	[PMID: 30792038]
COS-7	EC₅₀	12 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARbeta ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARbeta ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
COS-7	EC₅₀	17 nM Compound: ATRA	Activity at human RARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay Activity at human RARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as transcriptional activation after 16 hrs by Gal4 response element-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 19058965]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.7 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor gamma using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor gamma using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.7 nM Compound: Retinoic acid	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 7490725]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor beta using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor beta using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: Retinoic acid	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 7490725]
CV-1	EC₅₀	10 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1015 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoid X receptor RXR-alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoid X receptor RXR-alpha	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	105 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1084 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR alpha	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1100 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X gamma receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1100 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor gamma using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor gamma using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	1211 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR beta	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1225 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1394 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoid X receptor RXR beta	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1400 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	1400 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor beta using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor beta using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	19 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	2 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 9572893]
CV-1	EC₅₀	20 nM Compound: RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 8978832]
CV-1	EC₅₀	22 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid A receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 9572893]
CV-1	EC₅₀	33 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR gamma	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	350 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	436 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	459 nM Compound: RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 8978832]
CV-1	EC₅₀	563 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 8709094]
CV-1	EC₅₀	6 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR gamma	[PMID: 9572893]
CV-1	EC₅₀	7 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor alpha using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoic acid receptor alpha using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	7 nM Compound: Retinoic acid	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR alpha	[PMID: 7490725]
CV-1	EC₅₀	78 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing human Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	80 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid beta receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	87 nM Compound: RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing Retinoic acid receptor RAR beta	[PMID: 8978832]
CV-1	EC₅₀	900 nM Compound: ATRA	Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells Binding affinity against retinoic Acid X alpha receptors co-transfected into CV-1 cells	[PMID: 8308867]
CV-1	EC₅₀	900 nM Compound: RA	Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor alpha using transactivation assay Compound was tested for functional activity in CV-1 cells transfected with an expression vector for retinoid X receptor alpha using transactivation assay	10.1016/0960-894X(95)00588-K
CV-1	EC₅₀	961 nM Compound: ATRA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing mouse Retinoid X receptor RXR gamma	[PMID: 12482435]
CV-1	EC₅₀	> 2000 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR alpha Transcriptional activation in CV-1 cells expressing retinoid X receptor RXR alpha	[PMID: 9572893]
CWR22R	GI₅₀	25.11 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human CWR22Rv1 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human CWR22Rv1 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
DU-145	GI₅₀	11.64 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
F9	ED₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: 1	Ability to displace 3 uM retinoid and [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells using F9 Plasminogen Activator releasing assay Ability to displace 3 uM retinoid and [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells using F9 Plasminogen Activator releasing assay	[PMID: 2738885]
F9	ED₅₀	1.5 nM Compound: 1	Ability to displace [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, was assessed in a F9 laminin release assay Ability to displace [3H]all-trans-retinoic acid from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, was assessed in a F9 laminin release assay	[PMID: 2738885]
F9	ED₅₀	1.0 x 10^-10 M Compound: 1a	Ability to induce differentiation of mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Ability to induce differentiation of mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells.	[PMID: 2836589]
F9	IC₅₀	0.1 nM Compound: 7, trans- RA	Induction of terminal differentiation in mouse F9 cells assessed by measuring secreted plasminogen activator activity after 3 days Induction of terminal differentiation in mouse F9 cells assessed by measuring secreted plasminogen activator activity after 3 days	[PMID: 17489579]
Fibroblast	IC₅₀	10 μM Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of UVB irradiation-induced MMP1 production in human dermal fibroblasts after 48 hrs Inhibition of UVB irradiation-induced MMP1 production in human dermal fibroblasts after 48 hrs	[PMID: 18029185]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	28.7 μM Compound: Retinoic acid	Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	301.3 μM Compound: Retinoic acid	Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HL-60	CC₅₀	23 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human HL-60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by trypan blue staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human HL-60 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by trypan blue staining based assay	[PMID: 33895500]
HL-60	EC₅₀	5 nM Compound: RA	Transglutaminase activity in HL-60 cdm-1 cells Transglutaminase activity in HL-60 cdm-1 cells	[PMID: 7636843]
HL-60	EC₅₀	5 nM Compound: RA	Induction of transglutaminase (TGase) activity in HL-60 cells Induction of transglutaminase (TGase) activity in HL-60 cells	[PMID: 8784454]
HL-60	ED₅₀	1.25 μM Compound: ATRA	In vitro for the differentiation induction activity determined in the human myeloid leukemic cell line HL-60 In vitro for the differentiation induction activity determined in the human myeloid leukemic cell line HL-60	[PMID: 10956204]
HL-60	ED₅₀	120 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Induction of HL-60 cells differentiation over 4 days Induction of HL-60 cells differentiation over 4 days	[PMID: 9572893]
HL-60	ED₅₀	50 nM Compound: 1	Compound was evaluated for the retinoid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 using trans-retinoic acid as the standard. Compound was evaluated for the retinoid-induced differentiation of the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60 using trans-retinoic acid as the standard.	[PMID: 1992144]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: 1	Concentration required for 50% inhibition of differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 Concentration required for 50% inhibition of differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60	[PMID: 1738149]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: 1 (Retinoic acid)	Ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes. Ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes.	[PMID: 2329565]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: RA	Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction Differentiation inducing activity towards human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 assayed by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction	[PMID: 2704028]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: Retinoic acid	Effective concentration required for induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells into mature granulocytes. Effective concentration required for induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells into mature granulocytes.	[PMID: 15261256]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: Retinoic acid	The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line to mature granulocyte The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line to mature granulocyte	[PMID: 2709376]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: retinoic acid	Compound was tested for differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 Compound was tested for differentiation-inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60	[PMID: 2795600]
HL-60	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: retinoic acid	The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay The ability to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 to mature granulocytes was determined by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay	[PMID: 8182710]
HL-60	IC₅₀	11 μM Compound: ATRA	In vitro cytotoxicity against HL60 cells. In vitro cytotoxicity against HL60 cells.	[PMID: 11128648]
HL-60	IC₅₀	11 μM Compound: ATRA(all-trans-retinoic acid)	Cytostatic activity against HL-60 cells Cytostatic activity against HL-60 cells	[PMID: 10585206]
HL-60	IC₅₀	18 μM Compound: ATRA	In vitro inhibition of HL60 cell proliferation In vitro inhibition of HL60 cell proliferation	[PMID: 11428925]
HT-29	CC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
HT-29	IC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: ATRA	Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 20405849]
LNCaP	GI₅₀	10.33 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
LNCaP	GI₅₀	47.86 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	10 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human LNCaP cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human LNCaP cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	5 x 10^-7 M Compound: ATRA	Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human LNCAP cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19375825]
MCF7	CC₅₀	20 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by cell counting assay Antiproliferative activity in human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 72 hrs by cell counting assay	[PMID: 33895500]
MCF7	GI₅₀	12.39 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
MCF7	IC₅₀	0.58 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MCF7 cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
MCF7	IC₅₀	584.5 nM Compound: 1	Antiproliferative effect against human MCF7 cells Antiproliferative effect against human MCF7 cells	[PMID: 15615521]
MCF7	IC₅₀	6.14 μM Compound: atRA	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs	[PMID: 33139111]
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	10.85 μM Compound: ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18543902]
MDA-MB-231	GI₅₀	14.12 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-231 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	16 μM Compound: atRA	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs	[PMID: 33139111]
MDA-MB-453	GI₅₀	9.51 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-453 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MDA-MB-453 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
MDA-MB-468	GI₅₀	14.12 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-468 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human MDA-MB-468 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
ME-180	CC₅₀	80 nM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human ME-180 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth Antiproliferative activity against human ME-180 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth	[PMID: 33895500]
MIA PaCa-2	IC₅₀	9.5 μM Compound: ATRA	Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of pancreatic human (PACA) cell lines by 50% Concentration required to inhibit the colony formation of pancreatic human (PACA) cell lines by 50%	[PMID: 10956204]
MOLM-13	CC₅₀	1.24 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human MOLM-13 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by WST-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human MOLM-13 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by WST-8 assay	[PMID: 33895500]
NB-4	CC₅₀	1.5 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human NB-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human NB-4 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 96 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
NB-4	ED₅₀	610 nM Compound: (all-E)-RA	Induction of NB4 cell differentiation Induction of NB4 cell differentiation	[PMID: 9572893]
PC-3	CC₅₀	12.7 μM Compound: ATRA; RA	Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell growth measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33895500]
PC-3	GI₅₀	12.64 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
PC-3	GI₅₀	36.3 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
PC-3	GI₅₀	7.6 μM Compound: ATRA	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 5 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 5 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 18543902]
PC-3	IC₅₀	2 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human PC3 cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
Panel leukemia (Carcinoma cell lines)	ED₅₀	2.4 x 10^-9 M Compound: Retinoic acid	Effective dose for differentiation -inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cells Effective dose for differentiation -inducing activity against human promyelocytic leukemia cells	[PMID: 3184125]
Raji	IC₅₀	15.4 nM Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells after 48 hrs Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in Raji cells after 48 hrs	[PMID: 17503850]
Raji	IC₅₀	482 molar ratio Compound: retinoic acid	Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells Inhibition of TPA-induced EBV-early antigen activation in human Raji cells	[PMID: 16441065]
SK-BR-3	GI₅₀	22.9 μM Compound: 1, ATRA	Growth inhibition of human SKBR3 cells by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human SKBR3 cells by MTT assay	[PMID: 25634130]
SK-BR-3	IC₅₀	1.7 nM Compound: ATRA (Retinoic acid)	Inhibition of ER-negative human breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 proliferation Inhibition of ER-negative human breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 proliferation	[PMID: 12372520]
T47D	GI₅₀	0.82 μM Compound: ATRA, Tretinoin	Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human T47D cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 25701251]
T47D	IC₅₀	0.006 μM Compound: 1	Growth inhibition of human T47D cells after 6 days by MTT assay Growth inhibition of human T47D cells after 6 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 15615521]
T47D	IC₅₀	200 nM Compound: ATRA (Retinoic acid)	Inhibition of ER positive human breast cancer cell T-47D proliferation Inhibition of ER positive human breast cancer cell T-47D proliferation	[PMID: 12372520]

In Vitro

Retinoic acid (All-trans-retinoic acid, ATRA) is a highly potent derivative of vitamin A that is required for virtually all essential physiological processes and functions because of its involvement in transcriptional regulation of over 530 different genes. Retinoic acid exerts its actions by serving as an activating ligand of nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα-γ), which form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRα-γ)^[1].
Retinoic acid (RA) bound to PPARα and PPARγ with a low affinity demonstrated by K_d values of 100-200 nM. In contrast, Retinoic acid associates with PPARβ/δ with a K_d of 17 nM, revealing both high affinity and isotype selectivity^[2].
Undifferentiated P19 cells express the Retinoic acid (RA) receptors RARα, RARβ, RARγ, and PPARβ/δ, as well as the Retinoic acid -binding proteins CRABP-II and FABP5. Induction of differentiation by treatment of cells with Retinoic acid results in transient up-regulation of CRABP-II and down-regulation of FABP5 that are observed at the level of both the respective proteins and mRNAs. Following the initial decrease, the level of both FABP5 protein and mRNA increases to attain a 2-2.5-fold higher level in mature neurons as compared with undifferentiated P19 cells. Induction of differentiation does not markedly affect the levels of either RARα or PPARβ/δ. The level of RARγ mRNA decreases by about 5-fold by day 4 and remained low in mature neurons^[3].
Retinoic acid (RA) is a morphogen derived from retinol (vitamin A) that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. The Retinoic acid interacts with retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoic acid X receptor (RXR) which then regulate the target gene expression^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

Molecular Weight

300.44

Formula

C₂₀H₂₈O₂

CAS No.

302-79-4

Appearance

Solid

Color

Light yellow to yellow

SMILES

CC1(C)C(/C=C/C(C)=C/C=C/C(C)=C/C(O)=O)=C(C)CCC1

Structure Classification

Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids

Initial Source

Endogenous metabolite

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

*In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 50 mg/mL (166.42 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions

Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg

1 mM	3.3285 mL	16.6423 mL	33.2845 mL
5 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL
10 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator
Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

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Concentration _(final)

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In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Calculation results:

Working solution concentration: mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.81%

Select Batch:

Data Sheet (277 KB) SDS (762 KB)

COA (243 KB) Elemental Analysis Report (101 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Wu L, et al. Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Upregulate Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Human Epidermis. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 14;11(4):e0153556. [Content Brief]

[2]. Shaw N, et al. Retinoic acid is a high affinity selective ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41589-92. [Content Brief]

[3]. Yu S, et al. Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). J Biol Chem. 2012 Dec 7;287(50):42195-205. [Content Brief]

[4]. Kam RK, et al. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci. 2012 Mar 22;2(1):11. [Content Brief]

[5]. Apfel C, et al. A retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist selectively counteracts retinoic acid effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7129-33. [Content Brief]

[6]. Xiu Jun Wang, et al. Identification of retinoic acid as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19589-94. [Content Brief]

Cell Assay
^[3]

P19 cell are induced to undergo neuronal differentiation according to established procedures. Briefly, cells are cultured on 1% agarose-coated 10 cm dishes at 3×10 ⁵ cells/mL in α-minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% FBS. Differentiation is induced by addition of Retinoic acid (1 μM) and medium containing Retinoic acid replaced 2 days later. On day 4, cell aggregates are collected by centrifugation, separated to single cells by trypsin/EDTA treatment, replated onto poly-L-lysine-coated plates, and cultured in α-minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% FBS. On day 6, medium is replaced with neurobasal medium containing B27 supplement and 2 mM GlutaMAX. Medium is replaced every 2 days for an additional week^[3].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

References

[1]. Wu L, et al. Retinoid X Receptor Agonists Upregulate Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Human Epidermis. PLoS One. 2016 Apr 14;11(4):e0153556. [Content Brief]

[2]. Shaw N, et al. Retinoic acid is a high affinity selective ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 24;278(43):41589-92. [Content Brief]

[3]. Yu S, et al. Retinoic acid induces neurogenesis by activating both retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ). J Biol Chem. 2012 Dec 7;287(50):42195-205. [Content Brief]

[4]. Kam RK, et al. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci. 2012 Mar 22;2(1):11. [Content Brief]

[5]. Apfel C, et al. A retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist selectively counteracts retinoic acid effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7129-33. [Content Brief]

[6]. Xiu Jun Wang, et al. Identification of retinoic acid as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19589-94. [Content Brief]

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg

DMSO	1 mM	3.3285 mL	16.6423 mL	33.2845 mL	83.2113 mL
	5 mM	0.6657 mL	3.3285 mL	6.6569 mL	16.6423 mL
	10 mM	0.3328 mL	1.6642 mL	3.3285 mL	8.3211 mL
	15 mM	0.2219 mL	1.1095 mL	2.2190 mL	5.5474 mL
	20 mM	0.1664 mL	0.8321 mL	1.6642 mL	4.1606 mL
	25 mM	0.1331 mL	0.6657 mL	1.3314 mL	3.3285 mL
	30 mM	0.1109 mL	0.5547 mL	1.1095 mL	2.7737 mL
	40 mM	0.0832 mL	0.4161 mL	0.8321 mL	2.0803 mL
	50 mM	0.0666 mL	0.3328 mL	0.6657 mL	1.6642 mL
	60 mM	0.0555 mL	0.2774 mL	0.5547 mL	1.3869 mL
	80 mM	0.0416 mL	0.2080 mL	0.4161 mL	1.0401 mL
	100 mM	0.0333 mL	0.1664 mL	0.3328 mL	0.8321 mL

Retinoic acid Related Classifications

Help & FAQs

Do most proteins show cross-species activity?
Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Retinoic acid302-79-4Vitamin A acid all-trans-Retinoic acid ATRAOrganoidRAR/RXRPPAREndogenous MetaboliteAutophagyRetinoic acid receptorsRetinoid X receptorsPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptorsInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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Retinoic acid (Synonyms: Vitamin A acid; all-trans-Retinoic acid; ATRA)

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