Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; TPA; Phorbol myristate acetate), a phorbol ester, is a dual SphK and protein kinase C (PKC) activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a NF-κB activator. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces differentiation in THP-1 cells (Validated by MedChemExpress).

Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent that can cross the blood-brain barrier, which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities. In addition, Acetylcysteine ​​is the most stable form of cysteine ​​during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies.

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC₅₀s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with K_d of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.

Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity. Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative.

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a potent and specific inhibitor of HDAC class I/II, with an IC₅₀ value of 1.8 nM for HDAC.

2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran is a growth inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, exhibiting an in vitro anti-tubercular activity with an MIC of 322.58 μM. 2-Acetyl-5-methylfuran demonstrates high safety and can be used for research related to tuberculosis.

Citramalic acid is an organic acid and soil phosphorus-solubilizing agent. Citramalic acid can be secreted by beet roots, and low phosphorus conditions promote its secretion.

5-Hydroxytryptophol-O-glucuronide (UGT1A6) is an authentic glucuronide standard and probe metabolite. 5-Hydroxytryptophol-O-glucuronide is used to detect the activity of human UGT1A6 in in vitro systems including human liver microsomes and recombinant UGT1A6.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.

Biotin, vitamin B7 and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.

Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase activator.

Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyt) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid also acts as the substrate for various lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic acid improves cognitive response and cardiovascular function.

L-Glutathione reduced (GSH; γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is an endogenous antioxidant and is capable of scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals.

Fosribnicotinamide (β-nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a product of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) reaction and a key NAD⁺ intermediate. The pharmacological activities of Fosribnicotinamide include its role in cellular biochemical functions, cardioprotection, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and complications associated with obesity.

Valproic acid (VPA) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC₅₀ in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM. Valproic acid inhibits HDAC1 (IC₅₀, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is used in the epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina. It can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk.

NAD+ is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage.

Liothyronine is an active form of thyroid hormone. Liothyronine binds to thyroid hormone receptors TRα and TRβ with K_is of 2.33 and 2.29 nM for hTRα and hTRβ, respectively. Liothyronine also binds to PVR and blocks the interaction of TIGIT/PVR.

L-Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid L-tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist.

Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes.