Sleep-Wake Disorder

Isoflurane is a volatile anaesthetic. Isoflurane diminishs the effect of ROS activity. Isoflurane suppresses respiration. Isoflurane enables rapid anesthesia induction and emergence. Isoflurane protects against noise-induced hearing loss and tissue damage in mice. Isoflurane protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury and modulates leukocyte infiltration.

Lauflumide (BisfluoroModafinil) is a selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor and wake-promoting agent. Lauflumide inhibits the dopamine transporter (DAT). Lauflumide induces sustained wakefulness without eliciting hyperlocomotion, stereotypy or abnormal behaviors in Mus musculus (house mice). Lauflumide reduces non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep rebound in rats, modulates electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral composition, and produces anti-aggressive effects. Lauflumide alleviates circadian rhythm disturbances in rats, increases spontaneous activity in fatigued rats, and facilitates their recovery from severe fatigue. Lauflumide can be used in research related to excessive daytime sleepiness as well as chronic severe fatigue/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).

5-Methoxytryptophol is a 5-methoxyindole alcohol structurally homologous to Melatonin (HY-B0075). It is secreted by the mammalian pineal gland and exhibits an inverse circadian rhythm. 5-Methoxytryptophol regulates bone metabolism by activating the ERK1/2 pathway. It reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as proteolytic enzymes MMP-1 and MMP-2, in serum and dental pulp tissues, thereby ameliorating acute pulpitis. 5-Methoxytryptophol induces rapid sleep in mice, while high doses cause respiratory depression and death. 5-Methoxytryptophol. 5-Methoxytryptophol can be used in studies related to acute pulpitis, hypnosis, and bone metabolism.

Alixorexton (ALKS 2680) enantiomer is the enantiomer of Alixorexton (HY-172412). Alixorexton is a selective, orally active and brain-penetrant agonist for orexin-2 receptor and can be used for hypersomnias research.

YLRPEGDW is an orally active sleep-promoting peptide. YLRPEGDW upregulates Autophagy-related genes, increase Autophagy activity. YLRPEGDW could improve Caffeine-induced sleep reduction.

Balumorexton is an orally active orexin type 2 receptor (OX2R) agonist. Balumorexton is used for the research of narcolepsy.

Atagabalin hydrochloride (PD 0200390 hydrochloride) is a Voltage-gated Calcium channel α₂δ subunit binder with an IC₅₀ of 22 nM. Atagabalin hydrochloride regulates neurotransmitter release by inhibiting calcium influx at high neuronal firing rates. Atagabalin hydrochloride can be used in research related to sleep disorders.

Atagabalin (PD 0200390) is a Voltage-gated Calcium channel α₂δ subunit binder with an IC₅₀ of 22 nM. Atagabalin regulates neurotransmitter release by inhibiting calcium influx at high neuronal firing rates. Atagabalin can be used in research related to sleep disorders.

GABAA receptor modulator-14 is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of extrasynaptic δ-containing GABA_A receptors (α4β3δ subtype) with an EC₅₀ of 0.8 μM. GABAA receptor modulator-14 selectively enhances tonic neuronal inhibition by potentiating GABA-evoked currents mediated by extrasynaptic δ-GABA_ARs, produces rapid sustained antidepressant effects, elevates slow-wave NREM sleep and shows no addiction liability in mice. GABAA receptor modulator-14 can be applied to major depressive disorder (MDD) and comorbid insomnia research.

YLDLAPL is a sleep-enhancing peptide that can be isolated from truffle albumin hydrolysate. YLDLAPL exhibits sleep-promoting effects via regulation of lysosomal autophagy, neurological activity, tyrosine metabolism, and fatty acid elongation.

Cloperidone hydrochloride acts as an inhibitor and substrate of CYP2C9, with an IC₅₀ of 17.7 μM. Cloperidone hydrochloride exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity in cells expressing CYP2C9. It can be used in the research of sedative/hypnotic-related diseases.

Cloperidone acts as an inhibitor and substrate of CYP2C9, with an IC₅₀ of 17.7 μM. Cloperidone exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity in cells expressing CYP2C9. It can be used in the research of sedative/hypnotic-related diseases.

UCM 793 is a non-selective MT1/MT2 receptor agonist (pK_is: 9.09 (MT1 receptor); 9.19 (MT2 receptor)). UCM793 increases the number of episodes and decreases the length of the episodes of wakefulness. UCM 793 influences quality of the vigilance states. UCM 793 decreases sleep onset without having an effect on NREM sleep maintenance.

Acecarbromal (Acetylcarbromal) is a Urea (HY-Y0271) derivative. Acecarbromal is a hypnotic and sedative agent.

N-Desmethyl Rilmazolam is a metabolite of Rilmazolam (HY-150334) and 450191-S (HY-U00228). N-Desmethyl Rilmazolam significantly enhances the activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase. N-Desmethyl Rilmazolam can be used in insomnia-related studies.

Rilmazafone (450191S) is an orally active sleep inducer. Rilmazafone targets cytochrome P-450b and cytochrome P-450e. Rilmazafone induces hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in rats, mice and dogs. Rilmazafone is applicable for insomnia-related research.

Anticonvulsant agent 12 is a naphthalene-containing azole compound with anticonvulsant activity. Anticonvulsant agent 12 can be used in the research of central nervous system diseases including anxiety, depression, convulsion, epilepsy, migraine, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, smoking, ADHD, obesity, sleep disorders, stroke, neuropathic pain, cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative diseases and muscle spasms.

Rilmazolam is a metabolite of Rilmazafone (HY-106547) and hypnotic agent. Rilmazolam exerts a significant sleep-inducing effect. Rilmazolam can be used in insomnia-related research.

3-Hydroxymethyl-β-carboline is a Benzodiazepine antagonist with a K_i value of ~1470 nM. 3-Hydroxymethyl-β-carboline reverses Flurazepam-induced sleep, cerebrovascular and cerebral metabolic inhibition, and also partially reverses Flurazepam-induced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. 3-Hydroxymethyl-β-carboline disrupts the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of Diazepam in male mice. 3-Hydroxymethyl-β-carboline has no effect on sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in rat cortical or hippocampal synaptosomes.