PI3K (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase), via phosphorylation of the inositol lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), forms the second messenger molecule phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) which recruits and activates pleckstrin homology domain containing proteins, leading to downstream signalling events crucial for proliferation, survival and migration. Class I PI3K enzymes consist of four distinct catalytic isoforms, PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ.
There are three major classes of PI3K enzymes, being class IA widely associated to cancer. Class IA PI3K are heterodimeric lipid kinases composed of a catalytic subunit (p110α, p110β, or p110δ; encoded by PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and PIK3CD genes, respectively) and a regulatory subunit (p85).
The PI3K pathway plays an important role in many biological processes, including cell cycle progression, cell growth, survival, actin rearrangement and migration, and intracellular vesicular transport.
3-Methyladenine is a potent inhibitor of autophagy and PI3K, blocking autophagy through its effect on PI3K, with IC50s of 25 μM and 60 μM for Vps34 and PI3Kγ, respectively.
LY294002 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of PI3K, with IC50 of 0.5/0.57/0.97 μM for PI3Kα/PI3Kδ/PI3Kβ, respectively, also potently inhibits CK2 with IC50 of 98 nM.
Wortmannin is a multi-target inhibitor of PI3K and MLCK with IC50s of 3 nM and 200 nM, respectively. Wortmannin is also a potent inhibitor of DNA-PK (IC50, 16 nM) and ATM (IC50, 150 nM). Wortmannin is also a potent inhibitor of Polo-like kinase (Plk).
Parsaclisib is a potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1 nM at 1 mM ATP, and shows appr 20,000-fold selectivity for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and 57 other kinases.
LX2343 is a BACE1 enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 value of 11.43±0.36 μM. LX2343 acts as a non-ATP competitive PI3K inhibitor with an IC50 of 15.99±3.23 μM. LX2343 stimulates autophagy in its promotion of Aβ clearance.
CAL-101 is a highly selective and potent p110δ inhibitor with IC50 of 2.5 nM, is 40- to 300-fold more selective for p110δ relative to other PI3K class I enzymes (p110α, p110β, and p110γ; IC50 are 820, 565, and 89nM, respectively).
BEZ235 is a dual pan-class I PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor with IC50 of 4 nM/5 nM/7 nM/75 nM, and 20.7 nM for p110α/p110γ/p110δ/p110β and mTOR, respectively. BEZ235 inhibits mTORC1 and mTORC2.
BAY 80-6946 is an ATP-competitive selective class-I PI3 kinases inhibitor, with IC50s of 0.5, 0.7, 3.7 and 6.4 nM for
PI3Kα, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ and PI3Kγ, and much less active against mTOR (IC50=45 nM) and other PIKs (no inhibition at 1 μM).
Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, is a stimulator of recombinant SIRT1 and also a PI3K inhibitor with IC50 of 2.4±0.6 μM, 3.0±0.0 μM and 5.4±0.3 μM for PI3K γ, PI3K δ and PI3K β, respectively.
LY3023414 potently and selectively inhibits class I PI3K isoforms, DNA-PK, and mTORC1/2 with IC50s of 6.07 nM, 77.6 nM, 38 nM, 23.8 nM, 4.24 nM and 165 nM for PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, DNA-PK and mTOR, respectively. LY3023414 potently inhibits mTORC1/2 at low nanomolar concentrations.
TGR-1202 is a novel PI3Kδ inhibitor, with IC50 and EC50 of 22.2 nM and 24.3 nM, respectively; TGR-1202 is also active against CK1ε, with an EC50 value of 6.0 μM.
GSK2126458 is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of PI3K with Ki of 0.019 nM/0.13 nM/0.024 nM/0.06 nM and 0.18 nM/0.3 nM for p110α/β/δ/γ, mTORC1/2, respectively.
740 Y-P (PDGFR 740Y-P) is a potent and cell permeable PI3K activator. Sequence: Arg-Gln-Ile-Lys-Ile-Trp-Phe-Gln-Asn-Arg-Arg-Met-Lys-Trp-Lys-Lys-Ser-Asp-Gly-Gly-{PO2-Tyr}-Met-Asp-Met-Ser.
1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a caffeoylquinic acid derivative, and activates PI3K/Akt.
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that integrate signals from growth factors, cytokines and other environmental cues, translating them into intracellular signals that regulate multiple signaling pathways. These pathways control many physiological functions and cellular processes, which include cell proliferation, growth, survival, motility and metabolism[1].
In the absence of activating signals, p85 interacts with p110 and inhibits p110 kinase activity. Following receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) or G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation, class I PI3Ks are recruited to the plasma membrane, where p85 inhibition of p110 is relieved and p110 phosphorylates PIP2 to generate PIP3. The activated insulin receptor recruits intracellular adaptor protein IRS1. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins on tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor initiates the recruitment and activation of PI3K. PIP3 acts as a second messenger which promotes the phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308 by PDK-1. RTK activation can also trigger Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. Activated Akt, ERK and RSK phosphorylate TSC2 at multiple sites to inhibit TSC1-TSC2-TBC1D7, which is the TSC complex that acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for the small GTPase RHEB. During inhibition of the TSC complex, GTP-loaded RHEB binds the mTOR catalytic domain to activate mTORC1. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) activates the TSC complex by phosphorylating TSC2 at Ser1379 and Ser1383. Phosphorylation of these two residues requires priming by AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of Ser1387. Wnt signaling inhibits GSK-3β and the TSC complex, and thus activates mTORC1. mTORC2 is activated by Wnt in a manner dependent on the small GTPase RAC1. Akt activation contributes to diverse cellular activities which include cell survival, growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, metabolism, and migration. Important downstream targets of Akt are GSK-3, FOXOs, BAD, AS160, eNOS, and mTOR. mTORC1 negatively regulates autophagy through multiple inputs, including inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1, and promotes protein synthesis through activation of the translation initiation promoter S6K and through inhibition of the inhibitory mRNA cap binding 4E-BP1[1][2][3].
PI3Kδ is a heterodimeric enzyme, typically composed of a p85α regulatory subunit and a p110δ catalytic subunit. In T cells, the TCR, the costimulatory receptor ICOS and the IL-2R can activate PI3Kδ. In B cells, PI3Kδ is activated upon crosslinking of the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR co-opts the co-receptor CD19 or the adaptor B cell associated protein (BCAP), both of which have YXXM motifs to which the p85α SH2 domains can bind. In lumphocytes, BTK and ITK contribute to the activation of PLCγ and promotes the generation of DAG and the influx of Ca2+, which in turn activate PKC and the CARMA1-, BCL 10- and MALT1 containing (CBM) complex. The resulting NF-κB inhibitor kinase (IKK) activation leads to the phosphorylation and the degradation of IκB, and to the nuclear accumulation of the p50-p65 NF-κB heterodimer. MyD88 is an adapter protein that mediates signal transduction for most TLRs and leads to activation of PI3K[4].
Reference:
[1]. Thorpe LM, et al. PI3K in cancer: divergent roles of isoforms, modes of activation and therapeutic targeting.Nat Rev Cancer. 2015 Jan;15(1):7-24. [2]. Vanhaesebroeck B, et al. PI3K signalling: the path to discovery and understanding.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Feb 23;13(3):195-203. [3]. Fruman DA, et al. The PI3K Pathway in Human Disease.Cell. 2017 Aug 10;170(4):605-635. [4]. Lucas CL, et al. PI3Kδ and primary immunodeficiencies.Nat Rev Immunol. 2016 Nov;16(11):702-714.
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