Epigenetic regulators of gene expression and chromatin state include so-called writers, erasers, and readers of chromatin modifications.Well-characterized examples of reader domains include bromodomains typically binding acetyllysine and chromatin organization modifier (chromo), malignant brain tumor (MBT), plant homeodomain (PHD), and Tudor domains generally associating with methyllysine. Research on epigenetic readers has been tremendously influenced by the discovery of selective inhibitors targeting the bromodomain and extraterminal motif (BET) family of acetyl-lysine readers. The human genome encodes 46 proteins containing 61 bromodomains clustered into eight families. Distinct experimental approaches are used to identify the first BET inhibitors, GSK 525762A and (+)-JQ-1.
The Polycomb group (PcG) protein, enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), has an essential role in promoting histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and epigenetic gene silencing. This function of EZH2 is important for cell proliferation and inhibition of cell differentiation, and is implicated in cancer progression. Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate epigenetic gene silencing through phosphorylation of EZH2. In many types of cancers including lymphomas and leukemia, EZH2 is postulated to exert its oncogenic effects via aberrant histone and DNA methylation, causing silencing of tumor suppressor genes.
p300/CBP is not only a transcriptional adaptor but also a histone acetyltransferase.
(+)-JQ-1 (JQ-1) is a potent, specific, and reversible BET bromodomain inhibitor, with IC50s of 77 and 33 nM for the first and second bromodomain (BRD4(1/2)). (+)-JQ-1 also activates autophagy.
A-485 is a potent and selective catalytic inhibitor of p300/CBP with IC50s of 9.8 nM and 2.6 nM for p300 and CBP histone acetyltransferase (HAT), respectively.
Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) is a natural phenolic compound with diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Curcumin is an inhibitor of p300 histone acetylatransferase (HATs) and also shows inhibitory effects on NF-κB and MAPKs.
ARV-771 is a potent BET degrader based on PROTAC technology with Kds of 34, 4.7, 8.3, 7.6, 9.6, and 7.6 nM for BRD2(1), BRD2(2), BRD3(1), BRD3(2), BRD4(1), and BRD4(2), respectively.
CPI-0610 is a potent, selective, and cell-active BET inhibitor. CPI-0610 inhibits BRD4-BD1 with an IC50 of 39 nM, and with an EC50 value of 0.18 μM for MYC.
MS31 is a potent, cell permeable, highly affinity, and highly selective fragment-like methyllysine reader protein spindlin 1 (SPIN1) inhibitor, which potently inhibits the interactions between SPIN1 and H3K4me3 (IC50=77 nM, AlphaLISA; 243 nM, FP). It selectively binds Tudor domain II of SPIN1 (Kd=91 nM). MS31 potently inhibits binding of trimethyllysine-containing peptides to SPIN1, and is not toxic to nontumorigenic cells.
dBET1 is a potent BRD4 protein degrader based on PROTAC technology with an EC50 of 430 nM. dBET1 is a PROTAC that composes of (+)-JQ1 (HY-13030) linked to Thalidomide (HY-14658) with a linker.
JQ-1 carboxylic acid is a highly potent, selective and cell-permeable BRD4 inhibitor with IC50s of 77 nM and 33 nM for BRD4(1) and BRD4(2), respectively.
CPI-637 is a selective and potent CBP/EP300 bromodomain inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.03 μM, 0.051 μM and 11.0 μM for CBP, EP300 and BRD4 BD-1, respectively, and an EC50 of 0.3 μM for CBP.
Mivebresib is a potent and orally available bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) bromodomain inhibitor. Mivebresib binds to BRD4 with a Ki of 1.5 nM.
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