CD158b2/KIR2DL3

CD158b2, known as KIR2DL3, is the inhibitory KIR recognizing the C1 group of HLA-C molecules (allotypes bearing asparagine 80). KIR2DL3 is a two Ig-domain receptor with two cytoplasmic ITIM motifs that, upon engagement by C1 HLA-C, recruits SHP phosphatases to inhibit NK-cell degranulation and cytokine production, forming part of the 'missing-self' detection system. Compared with its allelic counterpart KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3 binds C1 ligands with lower affinity, and the two genes are mutually exclusive alleles at the same locus on the KIR B versus A haplotype framework. A clinically important nuance is that in hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation with HLA-C mismatched donors, KIR2DL3-mediated inhibition requires higher HLA-C surface density than KIR2DL2, so KIR2DL3-positive donor NK cells facing C1-deficient leukemia can more readily mediate graft-versus-leukemia effects. KIR2DL3 is also the receptor through which hepatitis C virus-associated NK-cell education is shaped, protecting against persistence of infection in KIR2DL3/HLA-C1 compound genotypes.