Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Models

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist, apoptosis inducer, and common disease inducer in experimental animals, constructing models of muscle atrophy, hypertension, and depression. Dexamethasone can inhibit the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages and significantly reduce the expression of inflammatory factors in neutrophils and monocytes. Dexamethasone also has potential for use in COVID-19 research.

Streptozotocin (Streptozocin; STZ) is an antibiotic widely used in experimental animal models of induced diabetes. Streptozotocin enters B cells via the glucose transporter (GLUT2) and causes the alkylation of DNA ( DNA-methylating ). Streptozotocin can induce the apoptosis of β cells.

D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.

Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis.

Methylprednisolone (U 7532) is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels.

Dithizone can be toxic to pancreatic islet cells and cause experimental diabetes. Dithizone can be used for in vitro in vivo staining of transplanted islets and cytoplasmic granules of bone marrow cells. Dithizone can be used as a chelating agent and colorimetric indicator for the detection and extraction of various heavy metals, including lead and mercury, in analytical and biochemical applications. Dithizone forms stable colored complexes with metal ions and can be quantitatively analyzed by methods such as spectrophotometry.

Cyproheptadine acts as a p38 MAP kinase activator, CHK2 activator, histamine H1 receptor inhibitor and serotonin receptor inhibitor. Cyproheptadine mediates cell cycle arrest via G1 phase arrest, G1/S transition arrest, G0/G1 phase arrest, reduced expression of cyclins D1/D2/D3, upregulated expression of HBP1, p16, p21, p27, and decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Cyproheptadine induces Apoptosis by increasing PARP and cleaved PARP, as well as activating the mitochondrial caspase pathway. Cyproheptadine inhibits tumor growth with extremely low toxicity to normal cells. Cyproheptadine can be used in research related to hepatocellular carcinoma, multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia.

Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (Cyproheptadine HCl) acts as a p38 MAP kinase activator, CHK2 activator, histamine H1 receptor inhibitor and serotonin receptor inhibitor. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride mediates cell cycle arrest via G1 phase arrest, G1/S transition arrest, G0/G1 phase arrest, reduced expression of cyclins D1/D2/D3, upregulated expression of HBP1, p16, p21, p27, and decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride induces Apoptosis by increasing PARP and cleaved PARP, as well as activating the mitochondrial caspase pathway. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride inhibits tumor growth with extremely low toxicity to normal cells. Cyproheptadine hydrochloride can be used in research related to hepatocellular carcinoma, multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia.

Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A₁ (A₁R) and A_2A (A_2AR) receptors.

Potassium oxonate (Potassium azaorotate) is a uricase inhibitor that inhibits the phosphorylation of 5-FU to 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate.

Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), a complexation of nitriloacetic acid with iron, is a highly reactive compound used to induce degenerative disorders through oxidative stress (OS). Ferric nitrilotriacetate is also used in several studies to induce hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and both renal and liver carcinogenesis.

Ethambutol is an antimycobacterial compound that prevents cell wall formation by inhibiting arabinosyltransferase activity. Ethambutol can be used to establish animal models of hyperuricemia and optic neuropathy.

Ethambutol dihydrochloride is an antimycobacterial compound that prevents cell wall formation by inhibiting arabinosyltransferase activity. Ethambutol dihydrochloride can be used to establish animal models of hyperuricemia and optic neuropathy.

Alloxan hydrate is a diabetogenic agent to induce diabetes. Alloxan hydrate is a proteasome inhibitor. Alloxan causes diabetes in experimental animals through its ability to destroy the insulin-secreting B-cells of the pancreas.

Adenine hemisulfate (6-Aminopurine hemisulfate), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine hemisulfate acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine hemisulfate also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis.

Adenine hydrochloride (6-Aminopurine hydrochloride), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine hydrochloride acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine hydrochloride also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis.

Allantoxanamide is a uricase inhibitor that induces hyperuricemia by inhibiting uric acid degradation. Allantoxanamide inhibits uricase activity in vitro with an IC₅₀ of approximately 0.9 μM and increases serum uric acid levels in rats. Allantoxanamide can be used for the study of hyperuricemia, uric acid metabolism, hyperuricemia-associated nephropathy, and related metabolic research.