Cat. No.: HY-N0092

Inosine

16 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 16 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A₁ (A₁R) and A_2A (A_2AR) receptors.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.94%
CAS No.: 58-63-9
Formula: C₁₀H₁₂N₄O₅
Molecular Weight:268.23

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

Inosine Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 58-63-9

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Top Publications Citing

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Induced Disease Models
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (16)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

Human Endogenous Metabolite

A₁AR

A_2AR

All Adenosine Receptor Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
C6	IC₅₀	>250 μM Compound: Inosine	Cytotoxicity against rat C6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against rat C6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	10.1039/C3MD00159H
DU-145	IC₅₀	>250 μM Compound: Inosine	Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human DU145 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	10.1039/C3MD00159H
HaCaT	IC₅₀	>250 μM Compound: Inosine	Cytotoxicity against human HaCaT cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HaCaT cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	10.1039/C3MD00159H
L6	IC₅₀	>250 μM Compound: Inosine	Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against rat L6 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	10.1039/C3MD00159H
MCF7	IC₅₀	>250 μM Compound: Inosine	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability after 48 hrs by MTT assay	10.1039/C3MD00159H
Vero	IC₅₀	0.23 nM Compound: Inosine	Anti-Herpes simplex virus type-1 activity in vero cells using plaque inhibition assay Anti-Herpes simplex virus type-1 activity in vero cells using plaque inhibition assay	[PMID: 10464017]

In Vitro

Inosine dose-dependently stimulates cAMP production mediated through the A_2AR^[2].
Inosine dose-dependently induces hA_2AR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation^[2].
Inosine (100 μM; 24 hours) reduces oxidative stress in MES 23.5 cells cultured with astrocytes^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Animal Model:

Male/female C57BL/6 mice^[2]
Dosage:

1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, 20 min before formalin treatment
Result:

Reduced flinching behaviour induced by formalin (2 %; 20 μL; intraplantar injection).

Induced Disease Models

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Inosine can induce hyperuricemia^[5].

Induction of Hyperuricemia^[5]

Background

Hyperuricaemia (HUA) occurs because of purine metabolism aberrations and is typically characterized by increased uric acid formation or reduced uric acid excretion. Inosineis a precursor of purine metabolism. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and xanthine oxidase (XO) catalyse the conversion of inosine ^[6]. Inosinecan further catalyzed hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid (UA)^[7].

Specific Modeling Methods

Mice: Alb-CreERT2;Glut9lox/lox (LG9KO) &bulll; 6-week-old
Administration: 4 g/kg • ig • one time daily at 9: 00-10: 00 A.M. for 3 days

Note

(1)Mice was gavaged one time daily at 9:00-10:00 A.M. for 3 days (days 0, 1, and 2) with 4 g/kg inosine (500 mg/ml in 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose aqueous suspension) and euthanized 24 h after the last inosine gavage (day 3).
(2)Blood was collected from tail bleeds for plasma urate and creatinine measurements before the inosine treatment and 2 h, 6 h after the first gavage, and 24 h after the last gavage before the animals were euthanized.
(3)Six weeks after inosine gavage, plasma urate and creatinine had normalized.
Inosine gavage combines with HFD to cause acute renal failure in LG9KO mice.

Modeling Indicators

Molecular changes: Inosine elevates plasma urate levels in LG9KO mice. In LG9KO mice fed chow, uricemia transiently rose 2 and 6 h after the first gavage and returned to their basal level 24 h after the last gavage (day 3). In contrast, in HFD-fed LG9KO mice, inosine gavage induced a much higher hyperuricemia at day 3
Tissue changes: leads to tubular urate and uric acid crystal formation.

Correlated Product(s): Potassium oxonate (HY-17511)

Opposite Product(s): /

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 58-63-9
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 268.23
Formula C₁₀H₁₂N₄O₅
Color White to off-white
SMILES

O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N2C=NC3=C2N=CNC3=O
Structure Classification
- Others
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
- Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites
- Microorganisms
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Publications (16)

All In Vivo Efficacy StudyOthersWBFlow Cytometry

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Journal Impact Factor

Nature

Lithocholic acid phenocopies anti-ageing effects of calorie restriction. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227
Cell Death Differ

CARM1-mediated hypoxanthine-enriched exosomes rewire inosine metabolism and impair CD8+ T cell antitumor function. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 24. PMID: 41580530
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Dipyridamole Acts as Clinical Ferroptosis Inhibitor to Prevent from Tissue Injury. [Abstract]

2025 May 14:e2500566. PMID: 40365742
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Microbiota-Derived Inosine Suppresses Systemic Autoimmunity via Restriction of B Cell Differentiation and Migration. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 28:e2409837. PMID: 40289872

Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837. [Abstract]

Plasma anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels were measured in the healthy control group (HC), the saline-treated group, the rivaroxaban-treated group, and the Inosine (50 mg/kg, 0.3 mL each time, 3 times a week)-treated group.

Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837. [Abstract]

Isolated mouse splenic CD19+ B cells were triggered by IL‐4 and R848 incubated with different concentrations of Inosine (0, 10 µM, 100 µM, 1 mM, 10 mM) for 48 h. Statistical analysis of frequencies of naive B cells, memory B cells, ASC, and plasmablast with different concentrations of inosine.

Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis showed that ERK pathway expression was enhanced in mouse spleen B cells after treatment with Inosine (0-10 mM) for 48 hours.

Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Apr 28:e2409837. [Abstract]

Expression levels of hif1α mRNA and HIF-1α protein in mouse spleen B cells under different concentrations of Inosine (0, 10 µM, 100 µM, 1 mM, 10 mM).
Theranostics

Engaging natural regulatory myeloid cells to restrict T-cell hyperactivation-induced liver inflammation via extracellular vesicle-mediated purine metabolism regulation. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 12;14(12):4874-4893. PMID: 39239508

Inosine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Theranostics. 2024 Aug 12;14(12):4874-4893. [Abstract]

Percentages of CD25+, CD69+, and CD154+ cells among activated CD4+ T cells in the control group (Ctrl), Inosine (5 nM; 24 h)-treated group (INO), and A2AR inhibitor-treated group (antiA2AR).
Cell Discov

Inosine promotes erythrocyte metabolic reprogramming and restores oxygen release for rejuvenation via 2,3-BPG-PNP axis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 17;12(1):19. PMID: 41844569
Cancer Lett

Targeting inosine metabolism to enhance EGFR-targeted therapy in lung adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 29:634:218069. PMID: 41033606
Cell Death Dis

NEK6 dampens FOXO3 nuclear translocation to stabilize C-MYC and promotes subsequent de novo purine synthesis to support ovarian cancer chemoresistance. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 10;15(9):661. PMID: 39256367
Sci China Life Sci

Berberine combined with stachyose protects against obesity by modulating gut microbiota and increasing leptin sensitivity. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 10. PMID: 41077606
Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol

Extracellular Inosine Induces Anergy in B Cells to Alleviate Autoimmune Hepatitis. [Abstract]

2025 May 21:101539. PMID: 40409684
Sci Signal

The de novo purine synthesis enzyme Adssl1 promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 29;17(860):eadn3285. PMID: 39471248
Talanta

A simple, rapid and sensitive HILIC LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of 16 purine metabolites in plasma and urine. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 15:267:125171. PMID: 37696233
Mol Ther Oncolytics

Oleanolic acid blocks the purine salvage pathway for cancer therapy by inactivating SOD1 and stimulating lysosomal proteolysis. [Abstract]

2021 Aug 28:23:107-123. PMID: 34703880
BMC Neurol

Integrative analysis of purine metabolites and gut microbiota in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders after mycophenolate mofetil treatment. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 16;23(1):444. PMID: 38102573
SSRN

2022.
Research Square Preprint

2022 Feb.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 25 mg/mL (93.20 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 10 mg/mL (37.28 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

3.7281 mL

18.6407 mL

37.2814 mL

5 mM

0.7456 mL

3.7281 mL

7.4563 mL

10 mM

0.3728 mL

1.8641 mL

3.7281 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.32 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.32 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.32 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 15.56 mg/mL (58.01 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 50% PEG300 50% Saline

Solubility: 20 mg/mL (74.56 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (286 KB)
SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Filipe Marques Gonçalves, et al. Signaling pathways underlying the antidepressant-like effect of inosine in mice. Purinergic Signal. 2017 Jun; 13(2): 203-214. [Content Brief]

[2]. Francisney Pinto Nascimento, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor-dependent antinociception induced by inosine in mice: pharmacological, genetic and biochemical aspects. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;51(3):1368-78. [Content Brief]

[3]. Ajith A. Welihinda, et al. The adenosine metabolite inosine is a functional agonist of the adenosine A2A receptor with a unique signaling bias. Cell Signal. 2016 Jun; 28(6): 552-560. [Content Brief]

[4]. Sara Cipriani, et al. Protection by inosine in a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience. 2014 Aug 22; 274: 242-249. [Content Brief]

[5]. Preitner F, et al. Urate-induced acute renal failure and chronic inflammation in liver-specific Glut9 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2013 Sep 1;305(5):F786-95. [Content Brief]

[6]. Tang DH, et al. Inosine induces acute hyperuricaemia in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) as a potential disease animal model. Pharm Biol. 2021 Dec;59(1):175-182. [Content Brief]

[7]. Zhao H, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 prevents purine induced hyperuricemia and alleviate renal fibrosis through gut-kidney axis. Pharmacol Res. 2022 Aug;182:106350. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	3.7281 mL	18.6407 mL	37.2814 mL	93.2036 mL
	5 mM	0.7456 mL	3.7281 mL	7.4563 mL	18.6407 mL
	10 mM	0.3728 mL	1.8641 mL	3.7281 mL	9.3204 mL
	15 mM	0.2485 mL	1.2427 mL	2.4854 mL	6.2136 mL
	20 mM	0.1864 mL	0.9320 mL	1.8641 mL	4.6602 mL
	25 mM	0.1491 mL	0.7456 mL	1.4913 mL	3.7281 mL
	30 mM	0.1243 mL	0.6214 mL	1.2427 mL	3.1068 mL
DMSO	40 mM	0.0932 mL	0.4660 mL	0.9320 mL	2.3301 mL
	50 mM	0.0746 mL	0.3728 mL	0.7456 mL	1.8641 mL
	60 mM	0.0621 mL	0.3107 mL	0.6214 mL	1.5534 mL
	80 mM	0.0466 mL	0.2330 mL	0.4660 mL	1.1650 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Inosine

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Inosine

All Adenosine Receptor Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (16)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Inosine Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-N0092