2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  4. Endogenous Metabolite
  5. Human Endogenous Metabolite Isoform

Human Endogenous Metabolite

Human endogenous metabolites serve critical roles in maintaining cellular and systemic homeostasis through diverse biochemical pathways[1][2]. These metabolites participate in intercellular communication, modulating signaling cascades such as kinase activation, receptor engagement, and transcriptional regulation[1][3]. For instance, β-hydroxybutyrate functions not only as an energy substrate during fasting or exercise but also as an epigenetic modifier and agonist for G-protein-coupled receptor GPR109A, influencing inflammatory and neuroprotective pathways[4]. Similarly, indoxyl 3-sulfate (I3S), a uremic metabolite, selectively activates the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), regulating genes including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and IL6, and contributes to pathophysiology in renal disease[5][6]. Compared with related isoforms, I3S exhibits approximately 500-fold higher potency in human AHR activation than in mouse, highlighting species-specific isoform distinctions[5]. Other metabolites, such as shikimic acid, inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration through modulation of ERK1/2, AKT, and AMPK pathways, illustrating their functional relevance in cardiovascular research models[2]. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide, generated by CBS and CSE, mediates tissue-specific physiological effects in the genito-urinary system and represents a potential therapeutic target for disorders such as erectile dysfunction and preeclampsia[7]. These findings collectively support the utility of endogenous metabolites as modulators of signaling, disease biomarkers, and candidates for experimental pharmacological studies[1][8][3].

References:

Human Endogenous Metabolite Related Products (1395):

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity
  • HY-B0215
    Acetylcysteine
    		99.86%
    Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent that can cross the blood-brain barrier, which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities. In addition, Acetylcysteine ​​is the most stable form of cysteine ​​during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies.
  • HY-19312
    3-Methyladenine
    		99.91%
    3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor. 3-Methyladenine is a widely used inhibitor of autophagy via its inhibitory effect on class III PI3K.
  • HY-14649
    Retinoic acid
    		99.81%
    Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A that plays important roles in cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Retinoic acid is a natural agonist of RAR nuclear receptors, with IC50s of 14 nM for RARα/β/γ. Retinoic acid bind to PPARβ/δ with Kd of 17 nM. Retinoic acid acts as an inhibitor of transcription factor Nrf2 through activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha.
  • HY-N0830
    Palmitic acid
    		99.86%
    Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. PA can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells. Palmitic acid is used to establish a cell steatosis model.
  • HY-N0583
    Hydrocortisone
    		99.92%
    Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) is a steroid hormone or glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
  • HY-W170614
    Citramalic acid
    Citramalic acid is an organic acid and soil phosphorus-solubilizing agent. Citramalic acid can be secreted by beet roots, and low phosphorus conditions promote its secretion.
  • HY-Y0999
    2-Nonanone
    		99.82%
    2-Nonanone is a ketone compound that inhibits the DnaKJE-ClpB bichaperone de-pendent refolding of heat-inactivated bacterial luciferases. 2-Nonanone interacts with hydrophobic segments of heat-inactivated substrates, and competes with chaperones IbpAB. 2-Nonanone can be used for the research of infection.
  • HY-N15475A
    5β-Pregnane-3α,20α-diol 3-sulfate sodium
    5β-Pregnane-3α,20α-diol 3-sulfate sodium is a steroid sulfate found in human urine and plasma.
  • HY-B2227
    Lactic acid
    Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity. Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative.
  • HY-B0141
    Estradiol
    		99.93%
    Estradiol (β-Estradiol) is a steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone. Estradiol can up-regulate the expression of neural markers of human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) and promote their neural differentiation. Estradiol can be used for the research of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and neural tissue engineering.
  • HY-B0150
    Nicotinamide
    		99.98%
    Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 or niacin. Nicotinamide Hydrochloride inhibits SIRT2 activity (IC50: 2 μM). Nicotinamide also inhibits SIRT1. Nicotinamide increases cellular NAD+, ATP, ROS levels. Nicotinamide inhibits tumor growth and improves survival. Nicotinamide also has anti-HBV activity.
  • HY-101952
    Prostaglandin E2
    		99.85%
    Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.
  • HY-N0322
    Cholesterol (from animal)
    		99.95%
    Cholesterol (from animal) is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol (from animal) plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol (from animal) is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.
  • HY-N0210
    D-Galactose
    		99.85%
    D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
  • HY-B0511
    Biotin
    		99.80%
    Biotin, vitamin B7 and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.
  • HY-N1446
    Oleic acid
    		99.97%
    Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.
  • HY-13417
    AICAR
    		99.99%
    AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR inhibits autophagy through a mechanism independent of AMPK activity.
  • HY-109590
    Arachidonic acid
    		99.75%
    Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyt) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid also acts as the substrate for various lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic acid improves cognitive response and cardiovascular function.
  • HY-B1618
    Corticosterone
    		99.77%
    Corticosterone (17-Deoxycortisol) is an orally active and adrenal cortex-produced glucocorticoid, which plays an important role in regulating neuronal functions of the limbic system (including hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala). Corticosterone increases the Rab-mediated AMPAR membrane traffic via SGK-induced phosphorylation of GDI. Corticosterone also interferes with the maturation of dendritic cells and shows a good immunosuppressive effect.
  • HY-10002
    Calcitriol
    		99.94%
    Calcitriol is the most active metabolite of vitamin D and also a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist.
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity