Cell Assay Reagents

L-Glutathione reduced (GSH; γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is an endogenous antioxidant and is capable of scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals.

p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate is an organomercurial activator of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). P-Aminophenylmercuric acetate participates in the activation and inhibition of MMP-8 by attacking protein sulfhydryl or inducing cysteine switching reaction. p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate promotes the shedding of betacellulin precursor (pro-BTC). p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate influences the binding of agonists and antagonists to the opiate receptor.

ISRIB is a brain-penetrant inhibitor of integrated stress response (ISR). Persistent activation of the ISR has been linked to the development of several neurological disorders as ISR represses translation through inhibiting eIF2B. ISRIB inhibits the ISR by promoting the nucleotide exchange activity of eIF2B and recovering the translation, and thus can be used for neurological disorders research.

Evans Blue (Direct Blue 53; T-1824; C.I. 23860) is a potent inhibitor of L-glutamate uptake via the membrane bound excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT). Evans Blue is a L-glutamate and kainate receptor-mediated currents inhibitor. Evans Blue has a strong affinity towards serum albumin, making it a high molecular weight protein tracer. Evans Blue is also used to study BBB (blood-brain barrier) permeability.

Tris(3-hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine (THPTA) is an accelerating ligand in the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) and protects cells from oxidants generated by copper-catalyzed reduction of oxygen by ascorbate. In addition, Tris(3-hydroxypropyltriazolylmethyl)amine can also protect the histidine moiety of biomolecules in a manner proportional to the ligand concentration.

Lactosylceramide (bovine buttermilk) (LacCer (bovine buttermilk)) is a sphingolipid that highly expressed on the plasma membranes of human phagocytes. Lactosylceramide mediates phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and superoxide generation.

FITC-dextran sulfate (MW 4kDa) is a dextran sulfate labeled with FITC (HY-66019), with an average molecular weight of 4 kDa. FITC-dextran sulfate (MW 4kDa) serves as an anionic macromolecular tracer. FITC-dextran sulfate (MW 4kDa) can be used for permeability studies.

3-Aminophenylboronic acid monohydrate is a phenylboronic acid derivative. 3-Aminophenylboronic acid monohydrate reacts covalently with cis-diol groups of glycoproteins, enabling selective capture and detection of glycoproteins through fluorescence quenching of APBA-functionalized copper nanoclusters.

3-Indoleacetic acid is is an IAA hormone and growth regulator that can promote plant nutritional growth through processes such as cell expansion, differentiation, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.

Sodium 2-oxopropanoate (Sodium pyruvate), a three-carbon metabolite of Glucose, is a compound produced in the glycolytic pathway. Sodium 2-oxopropanoate is a free radical scavenger that can scavenge ROS.

Sodium orthovanadate is an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, alkaline phosphatases and a number of ATPases, most likely acting as a phosphate analogue.

Palmitic acid sodium is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. Palmitic acid sodium can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells. Palmitic acid sodium is used to establish a cell steatosis model .

Imidazole (Glyoxaline; 1,3-Diaza-2,4-cyclopentadiene) is a heterocyclic aromatic compound. Imidazole bearing molecules have been used as corrosion, acetylcholinesterase (AChEI) and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, performing biological activities such as antifungal, antituberculosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic, amongst many others. Imidazole inhibits the enzymatic conversion of the endoperoxides (PGG₂ and PGH₂) to thromboxane A2 by platelet microsomes. Imidazole derivatives exhibits inhibition on SARS-CoV-2 3CL^Pro enzyme, which is promising for research in the field of Alzheimer’s disease, gout, COVID-19 and thrombo-embolic disease.

Lysophosphatidylcholines is an orally active lysolipid and a component of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL). Lysophosphatidylcholines induces cell injury, the production of IL-1β and apoptosis. Lysophosphatidylcholines has a proactive effect on sepsis.

Epsilon-polylysine is an antimicrobial peptide that can be produced by bacteria such as Streptomyces. Epsilon-polylysine inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts and molds and is therefore often used as a green food additive and preservative in various food and beverage products. Epsilon-polylysine has a variety of properties, including thermal stability, resistance to acidic conditions, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Epsilon-polylysine can be loaded on other materials to form nanoparticles or form nanofiber membranes for targeted delivery to exert sustained antibacterial efficacy. Epsilon-polylysine is also used as a liposome stabilizer.

Cytochrome C is a multi-functional enzyme involving in life and death decisions of the cell. Cytochrome C is essential in mitochondrial electron transport and intrinsic type II apoptosis.

TRITC-dextran MW 70000 (Tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate glucan, MW 70000) is a fluorescent dye with a molecular weight of 70 kD. The excitation wavelength of TRITC-dextran MW 70000 is 555 nm, and its emission wavelength is 570 nm. TRITC-dextran MW 70000 is used for drug delivery because TRITC maintains stability over a wide pH range (i.e., pH 2-11) and exhibits photobleaching resistance.

Methoxy-PMS (1-Methoxy PMS), an active oxygen formation inducer, is stable electron-transport mediator between NAD(P)H and tetrazolium dyes.

Pipecolic acid is an orally bioavailable, blood-brain barrier-permeable metabolite of lysine with antioxidant, inhibitor, and inducer activity. Pipecolic acid modulates the YAP-GPX4 signaling pathway, reduces retinal vascular tube formation, and mitigates ferroptosis. Pipecolic acid potentiates voltage-sensitive Ca²⁺ channel currents and induces neuronal apoptosis. Pipecolic acid can be used for the research of diabetic retinopathy.

(Rac)-GR24 (Strigolactone GR24) is a plant hormone analog. (Rac)-GR24 can mimic the natural germination stimulus of parasitic plant seeds, promoting seed germination in the absence of host plants, thereby reducing the number of parasitic seeds in the soil. (Rac)-GR24 can be used in agricultural research.