Liver Disease

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.

Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate (Dimethyl α-ketoglutarate) is a cell-permeable derivative of 2-oxoglutarate and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite with antioxidant properties. Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate inhibits Autophagy. Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate prevents mitochondrial damage and reduces ROS production. Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate alleviates Carbon tetrachloride (HY-Y0298)-induced liver fibrosis. Dimethyl-2-oxoglutaric acid can be used in the research of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cardiomyopathy.

Aminoguanidine (Pimagedine) hydrochloride is an inhibitor of diamine oxidase (DAO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Aminoguanidine hydrochloride can reduce the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Aminoguanidine hydrochloride has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Doxorubicin (HY-15142)-induced cell apoptosis. Aminoguanidine hydrochloride has antioxidant properties. Aminoguanidine hydrochloride can be used in the research of diabetic nephropathy.

Amiodarone, a benzofuran-based Class III antiarrhythmic agent, inhibits WT outward ionic current (IhERG) tails with an IC₅₀ of ∼45 nM. Amiodarone induces cell proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling in fibroblasts. Amiodarone can be used in the research of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.

Famotidine (MK-208) is an orally active and highly selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist. It inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking the Gs signaling pathway, and regulates intracellular cAMP and ERK pathways. Famotidine inhibits TLR3-mediated inflammatory pathways, and reduces the expression of various inflammatory mediators and interferon-related genes. Famotidine scavenges DPPH and nitric oxide free radicals, alleviates oxidative stress damage in gastric tissue, inhibits proMMP-9, improves vascular endothelial permeability, and restores the normal physiological functions of neutrophils and eosinophils. Famotidine crosses intestinal epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion and passive diffusion, blocks paracellular cation transport, and increases intestinal transepithelial electrical resistance. Famotidine reduces serum levels of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, exerts analgesic effects and gastric protective effects simultaneously. Famotidine can be used in studies related to COVID-19, liver injury and acute gastric ulcer.

Nordeoxycholic acid (3α,12α-Dihydroxynorcholanic acid) is an orally active hydrophobic bile acid metabolite. Nordeoxycholic acid inhibits autophagic flux, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and causes hepatocyte injury. Nordeoxycholic acid impairs intestinal barrier integrity in mice. Nordeoxycholic acid can be used in the research of alcohol-associated liver disease.

Semicarbazide hydrochloride is an orally active urea derivative. Semicarbazide hydrochloride binds to copper or iron in cells. Semicarbazide hydrochloride inhibits the activity of soluble semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). Semicarbazide hydrochloride damages cartilage, blood vessels, ovaries, testicles, and thyroid follicles.

Nodularin is a hepatotoxin, tumor promoter, and protein phosphatase inhibitor. Nodularin induces apoptosis (apoptosis) in normal cells (including caspase activation, upregulation of Bcl-XS, and upregulation of BAX/P53), triggers hyperphosphorylation of the MAPK/ERK, mTOR/S6K and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum membrane instability, peroxisome proliferation and increased lysosomal enzyme activity. Nodularin promotes DEN (HY-N7434)-initiated hepatocyte proliferation and adenoma formation, and inhibits proliferation, phagocytosis and chemotaxis of normal lymphocytes, oocyte maturation and vitellogenesis, as well as angiogenesis. Nodularin exhibits hepatotoxicity, reproductive and endocrine toxicity, and embryonic developmental toxicity in various animal models. Nodularin can be used in studies related to liver cancer, hepatotoxicity and reproductive endocrine toxicity.

Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5% is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Sodium acetate trihydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Sodium acetate trihydrate exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Sodium acetate trihydrate regulates energy metabolism. Sodium acetate trihydrate has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Sodium acetate trihydrate induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Sodium acetate trihydrate can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain.

Sodium acetate trihydrate, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC E262, ≤0.00002% Al is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Sodium acetate trihydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Sodium acetate trihydrate exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Sodium acetate trihydrate regulates energy metabolism. Sodium acetate trihydrate has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Sodium acetate trihydrate induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Sodium acetate trihydrate can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain.

Lithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium is a GPR39 agonist, with EC₅₀ values of 41 μM and 42.4 μM in M39-20 and hGPR39-2 cells, respectively, in the absence of Zn²⁺, and 0.88 μM and 0.97 μM in the presence of Zn²⁺. Lithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium acts as a RORγt ligand. Lithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium stimulates the GPR39 receptor to initiate intracellular calcium signaling, independent of the Zn²⁺-binding sites H17 and H19. LCA-3-S selectively inhibits Th17 cell differentiation by targeting RORγt. Lithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium can be used in the research of cholestatic liver diseases.

Recombinant Human Serum Albumin (rHSA) is a non-glycosylated monomeric plasma protein that acts as a core factor for maintaining plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Recombinant Human Serum Albumin (rHSA) possesses multiple physiological functions including carrier, metabolic regulation, detoxification, antioxidation and enzyme mimicking. Recombinant Human Serum Albumin (rHSA) not only scavenges reactive oxygen and nitrogen species via specific residues and binds a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds to maintain redox homeostasis, but also serves as a biomarker for multiple diseases such as cancer and inflammation. Recombinant Human Serum Albumin (rHSA) broadly supports the development of implantable materials, surgical adhesives and ligand capture, and can be used for research on critical illnesses including hypovolemia, liver failure, severe sepsis and various types of trauma resuscitation.

Isorhapontigenin is an orally active dietary polyphenol. Isorhapontigenin acts as a potent antioxidant that reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Isorhapontigenin promotes the binding of JUN to the AP-1 site on the SESN2 promoter, induces SESN2 transcription, triggers MAPK8-dependent JUN activation, and upregulates the expression of PPAR-α, PGC-1α and CPT-1A to facilitate fatty acid oxidation. Isorhapontigenin induces autophagy, apoptosis and preadipocyte differentiation; it inhibits tumor growth, cell invasion, NF-κB transcriptional activity, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, STAT1 phosphorylation and MMP-2 expression. Isorhapontigenin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine release and triglyceride accumulation; it increases intracellular ATP levels and promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Isorhapontigenin improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and glucose tolerance, and reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels. Isorhapontigenin is applicable to research on bladder cancer, liver injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury and type 2 diabetes.

Isobavachin is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-penetrating prenylated flavonoid present in Psoralea corylifolia. Isobavachin inhibits human CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, UGT1A1, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7. Isobavachin suppresses MAPK activation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, overexpression of iNOS/COX-2, FcεRI-mediated signaling pathways, and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Isobavachin induces autophagy, cytotoxicity, neuronal differentiation, and NRF2 activation; it alleviates oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, iron accumulation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mast cell degranulation. Isobavachin is applicable to research related to liver injury, inflammatory diseases, osteoporosis, liver cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, periodontitis-induced bone loss, and Alzheimer's disease.

Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate is an orally active porphyrin inducer and ferrochelatase inhibitor. Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate can induce small bile duct obstruction in mice, resulting in blocked bile excretion and causing cholestasis. Long-term use of Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate can cause damage to bile duct epithelial cells, inflammatory responses, and liver fibrosis. Diethyl 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate can be used to simulate the pathological features of cholestatic liver diseases such as sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).

Mutanolysin is a bacteriolytic agent. Mutanolysin is a muralytic enzyme that can prevent hepatic injury. Mutanolysin can digest the cell wall of S. mutans BHT and shows antibacterial activity. Mutanolysin reduces TNF-α production in isolated Kupffer cells stimulated with peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-APS). Mutanolysin can be used for the researches of infection, inflammation and hepatic injury.

Rehmannioside D is an orally active Sirt7 modulator. Rehmannioside D upregulates Sirt7 expression, inhibits the level of acetylated p53, and blocks the activation of the p53 signaling pathway. Rehmannioside D alleviates liver injury, inflammatory response, collagen deposition and hepatocyte apoptosis. Rehmannioside D is applicable to research related to liver fibrosis.

Gypenoside XLIX is a multifunctional bioactive compound that can be isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, with a K_a value of 1.58 μM for its binding to SIRT1. Gypenoside XLIX acts as a PPAR-α agonist. It inhibits the activation of TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway by activating the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, reduces ROS accumulation, and alleviates hepatic inflammatory injury in mice with sepsis-induced liver disease. Gypenoside XLIX targets SIRT1 to block YAP-NLRP3 activation and improve sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Gypenoside XLIX inhibits apoptosis (Apoptosis), pyroptosis (Pyroptosis), autophagy (Autophagy), lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Gypenoside XLIX alleviates sepsis-induced splenic injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress, and mitigates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by targeting PPAR-α. Gypenoside XLIX prevents acute kidney injury by inhibiting IGFBP7/IGF1R-mediated programmed cell death and inflammation. Gypenoside XLIX inhibits the expression and activity of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in cytokine-induced human endothelial cells. Gypenoside XLIX is applicable to research related to acute liver injury, lung injury, cardiomyopathy, acute splenic injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy, acute kidney injury, atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation.

DL-Tryptophan ((±)-Tryptophan) is an orally effective aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. DL-Tryptophan reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, as well as liver injury markers aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and alleviates hepatocyte apoptosis (apoptosis) in sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. DL-Tryptophan can be used in the research of sepsis-related acute liver injury.

12-Ketochenodeoxycholic acid is an anomalous bile acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid (HY-76847) precursor. 12-Ketochenodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of hepatobiliary diseases.