Metal Nanoparticles
PEGylated magnetic manganese-zinc ferrite nanocrystals (methoxy-terminated) are made by modifying manganese-zinc ferrite with PEG methoxy groups. PEG is a polymer with good water solubility and biocompatibility. By coating the surface of magnetic nanocrystals with PEG molecules, their water solubility, stability, and biocompatibility can be improved. PEGylation can also reduce non-specific interactions between nanocrystals and organisms, reduce toxicity, and prolong their circulation time in vivo. Furthermore, PEGylated magnetic manganese-zinc ferrite nanocrystals can be further functionalized, such as by attaching targeting groups or drug molecules, to achieve more precise diagnosis and treatment.
PEGylated ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (high-temperature pyrolysis method) are magnetic nanomaterials synthesized by high-temperature pyrolysis. These nanoparticles typically have a diameter of less than 10 nanometers (<10 nm), and the size observed by TEM is usually in the range of 5-10 nm.
Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, noble metal nanoparticles, represented by platinum, gold, silver, and palladium, have been extensively studied by many scientists. Palladium is a noble metal belonging to the platinum group elements. Its elemental form is a silvery-white transition metal, soft in texture and possessing good ductility and malleability. Palladium nanoparticles, due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties, have shown remarkable application potential in multiple fields. The preparation methods for palladium nanoparticles mainly include chemical reduction and physical reduction methods. Chemical reduction generally involves adding a reducing agent to reduce palladium ions to elemental palladium. Common reducing agents used include sodium citrate, sodium borohydride, and hydrogen gas. Because the chemical reduction process is relatively fast, protective agents such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are generally added to prevent palladium particles from agglomerating.
Aminated magnetic microspheres are superparamagnetic magnetic particles with amino functional groups modified on their surface, widely used in biomedical and molecular biology research. This 1μm aminated magnetic microsphere is composed of polystyrene and nano-iron oxide, exhibiting hydrophilicity and good biocompatibility. The aminated magnetic microspheres possess superparamagnetism, fast magnetic response, good monodispersity, ensuring reaction uniformity and detection consistency. The unique rough surface structure and polymer modification give the aminated magnetic microspheres a high amino density, allowing them to covalently couple with bioligands such as peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, drug molecules, and glycoproteins through the action of special chemical reagents (such as glutaraldehyde). They serve as excellent coating materials and are important carrier tools in medical and biomolecular research.
PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles (methoxy-terminated) are prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis and modified with PEG-methoxy-terminated oleic acid-modified iron oxide. This modification transforms the nanoparticles from the oil phase to the aqueous phase, thereby broadening their application in the biological field.
Mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles are mesoporous nanomaterials formed by the self-polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride under alkaline conditions. Their main component is the dopamine polymer, a biomacromolecule exhibiting good adhesion and reducing properties, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and bio-interaction capabilities.
Polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) are nanoscale materials formed by the self-polymerization of dopamine monomers under specific conditions. Their structural characteristics include a polyphenolic structure and a surface rich in functional groups such as amino and phenolic hydroxyl groups, which provide abundant chemical modification sites.
CuS nanoparticles are nanomaterials with unique properties. Their structural characteristics endow them with excellent near-infrared light response, facilitating functional applications through surface modification. This material shows potential in the biomedical field, enabling synergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapies in tumor treatment, as well as precise drug delivery. In the energy sector, it is suitable for the development of novel energy storage devices; in the environmental field, it can participate in photocatalytic degradation processes.
Hollow mesoporous iron oxide nanoparticles are a type of nanomaterial with a special structure that combines hollow structure with mesoporous (mesoporous refers to pores with a diameter between 2 and 50 nanometers) characteristics. They are mainly composed of iron oxide (Fe3O4) with a hollow center. This structure can increase the specific surface area of the material while reducing its weight, thereby improving its application efficiency in fields such as catalysis and drug delivery.
The core material of carboxylated dextran-modified iron oxide nanoparticles is iron oxide (Fe3O4), which possesses superparamagnetic properties, making it suitable for applications requiring magnetic field response. The surface is coated with carboxylated dextran, a modification that increases the nanoparticles' water solubility and biocompatibility, while also providing carboxyl functional groups, facilitating further chemical modification and biomolecular coupling.
Mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles are mesoporous nanomaterials formed by the self-polymerization of dopamine hydrochloride under alkaline conditions. Their main component is the dopamine polymer, a biomacromolecule exhibiting good adhesion and reducing properties, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility and bio-interaction capabilities.
Selenium is an essential trace element for the human body, playing a vital role in various physiological activities and significantly impacting human health. Selenium deficiency can lead to a variety of diseases, while excessive amounts may be toxic. In recent years, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, and high antioxidant activity, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. Particularly in the fields of biomedicine, nutritional supplementation, food preservation, and environmental remediation, selenium nanoparticles hold immense application potential.
PEI stabilized gold nanoclusters (PEI-Au NCs) are nanomaterials combining gold nanoclusters and polyethyleneimine. They consist of a few to dozens of gold atoms forming the core of the gold nanoclusters, while polyethyleneimine (PEI), a positively charged hyperbranched polyamine, is selected as the end-capping agent, encapsulating the surface of the gold nanoclusters. PEI-Au NCs have gained widespread application due to their high luminescence properties and stability over a wide pH range. Furthermore, their good biocompatibility and ease of surface modification or functionalization make them attractive for many biomedical applications.
Metal nanoclusters, containing anywhere from a few to hundreds of atoms, bridge the gap between nanoparticles and molecular compounds, typically exhibiting molecular-like electrical and optical properties. Furthermore, metal nanoclusters possess advantages such as significant Stokes scattering and size- and ligand-dependent fluorescence characteristics, making them an emerging class of materials for constructing fluorescence platforms. Current research primarily focuses on the synthesis and application of noble metal nanoclusters like gold and silver. However, copper, belonging to the same group as gold and silver in the periodic table, is inexpensive, environmentally friendly, readily available, has a simple preparation process, and low toxicity, making it widely applicable in industry. In addition, copper nanoclusters exhibit better photostability than organic dyes and better environmental friendliness than semiconductor quantum dots, making them suitable for trace detection.
PEGylated magnetic manganese-zinc ferrite nanocrystals (amino-terminated) are made by modifying manganese-zinc ferrite with PEG amino groups. PEG is a polymer with good water solubility and biocompatibility. By coating the surface of magnetic nanocrystals with PEG molecules, their water solubility, stability, and biocompatibility can be improved. PEGylation can also reduce non-specific interactions between nanocrystals and organisms, reduce toxicity, and prolong their circulation time in vivo. Furthermore, PEGylated magnetic manganese-zinc ferrite nanocrystals can be further functionalized, such as by attaching targeting groups or drug molecules, to achieve more precise diagnosis and treatment.
OA Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles (Oleic acid-modified iron(III) oxide nanoparticles) were prepared using a high-temperature pyrolysis method. Oleic acid was added as a surfactant to a solution containing an iron precursor. Oleic acid not only helps control the growth of nanoparticles but also forms a stable coating on the particle surface. The solution containing the iron precursor and oleic acid was heated to a high temperature, typically around 300°C, to promote the thermal decomposition of the iron precursor. At high temperatures, the iron precursor decomposes to produce iron atoms, which aggregate to form magnetic nanoparticles. During pyrolysis, the iron nanoparticles react with oxygen in the air to form iron(III) oxide (Fe3O4).
PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles (carboxyl-terminated) (10-50 nm) are prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis and then modified with PEG-carboxyl-terminated iron oxide. This modification transforms the nanoparticles from an oil phase to an aqueous phase, thus broadening their applications in the biological field. The iron oxide used in the 100 nm nanoparticles is prepared by a solvothermal method.
