Isotope-Labeled Steroids

Cholesterol-d₇ is the deuterium labeled Cholesterol. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.

Cholic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

3-Indoleacetic acid-d₅ is the deuterium labeled 3-Indoleacetic acid (HY-18569). 3-Indoleacetic acid-d₅ can be used as internal standard for assay of IAA releases by alkaline hydrolysis of ester and amide conjugates.

Chenodeoxycholic Acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Chenodeoxycholic Acid. Chenodeoxycholic Acid is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.

Deoxycholic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Deoxycholic acid. Deoxycholic acid is specifically responsible for activating the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 that stimulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity.

Prostaglandin E2-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a hormone-like substance that participate in a wide range of body functions such as the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation.

Vitamin D3-d₆ (Cholecalciferol-d₆ ) is the deuterium labeled Vitamin D3 (HY-15398) . Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol) is a naturally occuring form of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 induces cell differentiation and prevents proliferation of cancer cells.

Estradiol-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Estradiol. Estradiol is a steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway.

DL-Norepinephrine-d₆ hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled DL-Norepinephrine hydrochloride. DL-Norepinephrine hydrochloride is an external racemic catecholamine neurotransmitter, which is an equal mixture of the left-handed (L-, with activity) and right-handed (D-, with very low or no activity) stereoisomers. DL-Norepinephrine hydrochloride after being labeled with tritium can be used as a tracer for the research on Parkinson's disease.

Estradiol-d₅ is deuterium labeled Estradiol. Estradiol is a steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway.

Cholesterol-¹³C₂ is the ¹³C labeled Cholesterol. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.

Glycocholic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Glycocholic acid (HY-N1423). Glycocholic acid is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).

Corticosterone-d₈ is the deuterium labeled Corticosterone. Corticosterone is an adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid.

Melatonin-d₄ is deuterium labeled Melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation.

Calcifediol-d₆ is the deuterium labeled Calcifediol. Calcifediol, a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3, is a potent VDR ligand.

Taurocholic acid-d₄ (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurocholic acid. Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats.

Lithocholic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Lithocholic acid, which is a toxic secondary bile acid.

Melatonin-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Ursodeoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Ursodeoxycholic acid (HY-13771). Ursodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid also reduces ACE2 expression and is beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Cholic acid-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.