Epilepsy

Stiripentol (STP) is an anticonvulsant agent, which can inhibit N-demethylation of CLB to NCLB mediatated by CYP3A4 (noncompetitively) and CYP2C19 (competitively) with K_i of 1.59±0.07 and 0.516±0.065 μM and IC₅₀ of 1.58 and 3.29 μM, respectively.

MOG (35-55) mouse, rat (Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide (35-55), mouse, rat) is a minor component of CNS myelin. MOG (35-55) mouse, rat has encephalitogenic activity and induces T cell proliferative. MOG (35-55) mouse, rat induces Th1 cytokine response as well as relatively high levels of IgG antibodies. MOG (35-55) mouse, rat produces a relapsing-remitting neurological disease with extensive plaque-like demyelination. MOG (35-55) mouse, rat (MOG (35-55)) can be used for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) modeling.

L-Aspartic acid is a NMDA receptor agonist and acidic amino acid. L-Aspartic acid has no independent analgesic activity. L-Aspartic acid can antagonize the analgesic effects of D-Aspartic acid and Morphine. L-Aspartic acid regulates polymorph transformation, crystal growth/aggregation and nucleation processes of calcium carbonate, and can serve as a biomineralization template. L-Aspartic acid promotes burst firing of central neurons. L-Aspartic acid can be used in studies related to cerebral ischemia and epilepsy.

Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine) is an orally active antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine) reduces the expression level of P-gp, inhibits P-gp-mediated efflux, increases the intracellular accumulation of P-gp substrates, induces PARP cleavage and Caspase-3 activation, and elevates the proportion of Apoptotic cells at the sub-G1 phase. Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine) exerts sustained block and open-channel block effects on I_K(f). Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine) alters the urinary metabolic ratio of Amphetamine, modulates the Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure threshold, and regulates the anticonvulsant effect of Dextromethorphan. Quinidine (15% dihydroquinidine) can be used in studies related to uterine sarcoma and seizures.

Tranexamic acid (cyclocapron), a cyclic analog of lysine, is an orally active antifibrinolytic agent. Tranexamic acid attenuates the effects of severe trauma, inhibits urokinase plasminogen activator and ameliorates dry wrinkles. Tranexamic acid can used for the research of hemostasis. Tranexamic acid is a PROTAC linker. Tranexamic acid is used to synthesize PROTACs (e.g. LZ-07 (HY-172590)).

Cyclothiazide is a positive allosteric modulator of ionotropic AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Cyclothiazide inhibits GABA_A receptors. Cyclothiazide is frequently used to produce a fast inhibition of AMPA receptor desensitization and a much slower potentiation of the AMPA current. Cyclothiazide can potentiate responses to kainate in hippocampal neurons. Cyclothiazide has effects on glutamatergic neurotransmission. Cyclothiazide also induces epileptiform EEG activity accompanying behavioral seizures.

Aminophylline is a competitive phosphodiesterase 3/4 (PDE3/4) inhibitor. Aminophylline also acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Aminophylline elevates intracellular cAMP levels via competitive inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4, antagonizes adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1), regulates intracellular calcium signaling and synaptic vesicle cycling, upregulates the PPAR signaling pathway, and downregulates glutamatergic synaptic pathways simultaneously. Aminophylline can be used in research related to major depressive disorder, epilepsy, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Carveol is an orally active monoterpenoid alcohol with neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities. Carveol upregulates the expression of Bcl2, downregulates the expression of caspase-3, TNF-α, IL1β and IL6, activates the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway, inhibits the RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway, and suppresses neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis. Carveol inhibits α-synuclein aggregation, improves cognitive ability, and inhibits α-amylase activity. Carveol exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Carveol exhibits antidiabetic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Carveol alleviates PTZ-induced seizures in rats. Carveol can be used in research related to Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, diabetes and ischemic stroke.

3-Nitropropanoic acid (β-Nitropropionic acid) is an irreversible and orally active inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. 3-Nitropropanoic acid exhibits potent antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.3 μM. 3-Nitropropanoic acid can induce cell apoptosis.

Losmapimod (GSK-AHAB; GW856553X) is an orally active p38α/β MAPK inhibitor, with pK_i values of 8.1 and 7.6 for p38α and p38β, respectively. Losmapimod reduces DUX4 expression, thus exerting efficacy in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. By inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB, Losmapimod reduces apoptosis of epileptiform hippocampal neurons, and exhibits anti-allodynia and anti-hyperalgesic activities. Losmapimod blocks the entry and fusion of Lassa fever virus (LASV). Losmapimod overcomes tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Losmapimod inhibits myocardial senescence and inflammation, and possesses cardioprotective activity against cardiotoxicity.

Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate is an orally active antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate reduces the expression level of P-gp, inhibits P-gp-mediated efflux, increases the intracellular accumulation of P-gp substrates, induces PARP cleavage and Caspase-3 activation, and elevates the proportion of Apoptotic cells at the sub-G1 phase. Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate exerts sustained block and open-channel block effects on I_K(f). Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate alters the urinary metabolic ratio of Amphetamine, modulates the Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure threshold, and regulates the anticonvulsant effect of Dextromethorphan. Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate can be used in studies related to uterine sarcoma and seizures.

Mepyramine maleate (Pyrilamine maleate) is a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist and KCNQ channel inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 12.5 μM against KCNQ2/Q3. Mepyramine maleate shows no activity against allergic asthma in mice when used alone, but modulates the effect of JNJ 7777120 (HY-13508) on allergic asthma in mice; it inhibits the development of morphine physical dependence and increases histamine levels in mouse brains. Mepyramine maleate can be used in studies related to seizures, convulsions, allergic asthma and morphine physical dependence.

Parishin B is a multi-target biological agent with anti-epileptic, anti-fascioliasis and anti-breast cancer lung metastasis activities. Parishin B regulates the gene/protein activities of ACLY, unc13c, γ-aminobutynergic system, pro-inflammatory system, antioxidant system, monoaminergic system, ferroptosis-related pathways, as well as GST, CatL, Trx and TRIB3. Parishin B modulates energy-lipid metabolism, synaptic function, neurotransmitter balance, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, parasite detoxification/invasion processes, as well as apoptosis, cell cycle, proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells^[1][2][3]. Parishin B can be used for related research of epilepsy, fascioliasis and breast cancer lung metastasis^[3].

Imidazoleacetic acid (Imidazolyl-4-acetic acid) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable full agonist of the GABA_A receptor. Imidazoleacetic acid forms via histamine oxidation in the mouse brain. Imidazoleacetic acid exerts multiple neurochemical and behavioral effects. Imidazoleacetic acid induces a range of centrally mediated effects, including analgesia, sedation, hypnosis, as well as reductions in blood pressure, body temperature, isolation-induced aggression and motor activity.

(S)-SNAP5114 is a non-covalent murine GABA transporter inhibitor with blood-brain barrier penetration ability, which exhibits significant subtype-selective inhibitory activity against mGAT4 (pIC₅₀=5.71, pK_i=4.56), much higher than its effects on mGAT1, mGAT2 and mGAT3. (S)-SNAP5114 elevates extracellular GABA concentrations by blocking the GABA reuptake mechanism, thereby enhancing thalamus-specific GABAergic signaling and exerting potential neuromodulatory effects. (S)-SNAP5114 is widely used in studies related to epilepsy, neuropathic pain, anxiety and depression, and various neurodegenerative diseases.

L-Aspartic acid-¹³C₄ is the ¹³C-labeled L-Aspartic acid (HY-N0666). L-Aspartic acid is a NMDA receptor agonist and acidic amino acid. L-Aspartic acid has no independent analgesic activity. L-Aspartic acid can antagonize the analgesic effects of D-Aspartic acid and Morphine. L-Aspartic acid regulates polymorph transformation, crystal growth/aggregation and nucleation processes of calcium carbonate, and can serve as a biomineralization template. L-Aspartic acid promotes burst firing of central neurons. L-Aspartic acid can be used in studies related to cerebral ischemia and epilepsy.

Fosfructose is an orally active cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and Toll-like receptor 4 modulator. Fosfructose reduces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, thereby decreasing prostaglandin production. By inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway, Fosfructose downregulates LPS-induced adhesion molecule expression. Fosfructose is applicable to research related to ischemic stroke, epilepsy, sepsis, myocardial injury, osteoporosis, and ultraviolet B-induced skin damage.

L-Aspartic acid-d₃ is the d₃-labeled L-Aspartic acid (HY-N0666). L-Aspartic acid is a NMDA receptor agonist and acidic amino acid. L-Aspartic acid has no independent analgesic activity. L-Aspartic acid can antagonize the analgesic effects of D-Aspartic acid and Morphine. L-Aspartic acid regulates polymorph transformation, crystal growth/aggregation and nucleation processes of calcium carbonate, and can serve as a biomineralization template. L-Aspartic acid promotes burst firing of central neurons. L-Aspartic acid can be used in studies related to cerebral ischemia and epilepsy.

L-Aspartic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Aspartic acid (HY-N0666). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Aspartic acid is a NMDA receptor agonist and acidic amino acid. L-Aspartic acid has no independent analgesic activity. L-Aspartic acid can antagonize the analgesic effects of D-Aspartic acid and Morphine. L-Aspartic acid regulates polymorph transformation, crystal growth/aggregation and nucleation processes of calcium carbonate, and can serve as a biomineralization template. L-Aspartic acid promotes burst firing of central neurons. L-Aspartic acid can be used in studies related to cerebral ischemia and epilepsy.

Norfluoxetine hydrochloride is the active metabolite of the antidepressant Fluoxetine (HY-B0102); it is also a TREK-2 K₂P potassium channel inhibitor. Norfluoxetine hydrochloride exhibits neuroimmunological activity, induces apoptosis in primary microglial cells, and inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Norfluoxetine hydrochloride inhibits high-threshold voltage-gated Ca²⁺ currents in neurons with an EC₅₀ of 20.4 μM. Norfluoxetine hydrochloride can be used in research related to depression, ischemic stroke, and epilepsy.