Therapeutic Peptides

Angiotensin II (Angiotensin II) is a vasoconstrictor and a major bioactive peptide of the renin/angiotensin system. Angiotensin II human plays a central role in regulating human blood pressure, which is mainly mediated by interactions between Angiotensin II and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Angiotensin II human stimulates sympathetic nervous stimulation, increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Angiotensin II human induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis. Angiotensin II human also induces apoptosis. Angiotensin II induces capillary formation from endothelial cells via the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway.

Insulin (human) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates the level of glucose. Insulin (human) can be used for the diabetes mellitus.

Semaglutide is a long-acting, selective, competitive GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.

Caerulein is a decapeptide and a potent cholecystokinin receptor agonist. Caerulein is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent with a direct spasmogenic effect on the gallbladder muscle and bile ducts.

Exendin‑4 (Exenatide) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP‑1 receptor) agonist that resists degradation mediated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Exendin‑4 mediates multiple glucose-regulating effects, including stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon production, increase in β-cell mass, delay of gastric emptying, reduction of food intake, improvement of peripheral insulin sensitivity, and restoration of normal islet structure. Exendin‑4 inhibits oxidative stress, alleviates inflammatory responses, and reduces neuronal apoptosis. Exendin‑4 reduces the aggregation level of mutant huntingtin, improves motor function, prolongs survival time, and regulates the expression levels of leptin and ghrelin. Exendin‑4 can be used in research related to type 2 diabetes, acute ischemic stroke, and Huntington's disease.

Setmelanotide (RM-493) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, selective MC4R agonist with a K_i value of 2.1 nM for hMC4R. Setmelanotide activates the CaMKK2/AMPK signaling pathway. Setmelanotide mediates body weight homeostasis, feeding regulation and energy expenditure modulation; it reduces food intake, induces weight loss, decreases obesity severity, increases daytime activity and energy expenditure, lowers levels of leptin, triglycerides, fasting insulin and diastolic blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and fatty liver condition, and reverses respiratory depression. Setmelanotide is applicable to research related to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver and respiratory depression.

Sincalide (Cholecystokinin octapeptide, CCK-8) is a rapid-acting amino acid polypeptide hormone analogue of cholecystokinin (CCK) for intravenous use in postevacuation cholecystography. Sincalide is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK. Sincalide can promote gallbladder contraction by injection and helps diagnose gallbladder and pancreas disorders. Sincalide can increase bile secretion, cause the gallbladder to contract and relax the sphincter of Oddi, resulting in bile drainage into the duodenum. Sincalide is a major bioactive segment of CCK that retains most of the biological activities of CCK.

Pramlintide acetate is a polypeptide analogue of human amylin. Pramlintide acetate, an antidiabetic agent, is antineoplastic in colorectal cancer.

Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist used clinically to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Retatrutide (LY3437943) is a triple agonist peptide of the glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Retatrutide binds human GCGR, GIPR, and GLP-1R with EC₅₀ values of 5.79, 0.0643 and 0.775 nM, respectively. Retatrutide can be used for the research of obesity.

Exendin(9-39) amide (Avexitide) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) antagonist that competes with endogenous GLP-1 for binding to GLP-1 receptors, thereby antagonizing the effects of excess GLP-1 secretion. Exendin(9-39) amide can be used to study postoperative hypoglycemia (PBH).

Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine activates HNF4α and increases HNF4α phosphorylation.

Insulin solution (human) is a polypeptide hormone that regulates the level of glucose. Insulin solution (human) can be used for the diabetes mellitus.

Cagrilintide is an investigational novel long-acting acylated amylin analogue, acts as nonselective amylin receptors (AMYR) and calcitonin G protein-coupled receptor (CTR) agonist. Cagrilintide induces significant weight loss and reduces food intake. Cagrilintide has the potential for the research of obesity.

Oxytocin (α-Hypophamine; Oxytocic hormone) is a pleiotropic, hypothalamic peptide known for facilitating parturition, lactation, and prosocial behaviors. Oxytocin can function as a stress-coping molecule with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects especially in the face of adversity or trauma.

Teriparatide (Human parathyroid hormone-(1-34)) is a PTH1 receptor agonist. Teriparatide (Human parathyroid hormone-(1-34)) can be used for osteoporosis research.

GIP, human, a peptide hormone consisting of 42 amino acids, is a stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin secretion and a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. GIP, human acts as an incretin hormone released from intestinal K cells in response to nutrient ingestion.

Angiotensin II human (Angiotensin II) acetate is a vasoconstrictor and a major bioactive peptide of the renin/angiotensin system. Angiotensin II human acetate plays a central role in regulating human blood pressure, which is mainly mediated by interactions between Angiotensin II and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Angiotensin II human acetate stimulates sympathetic nervous stimulation, increases aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions. Angiotensin II human acetate induces growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases collagen type I and III synthesis in fibroblasts, leading to thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and fibrosis. Angiotensin II human acetate also induces apoptosis. Angiotensin II human acetate induces capillary formation from endothelial cells via the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway.

Calcitonin salmon, a calcium regulating hormone, is a dual-action amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist, could stimulate bone formation and inhibit bone resorption.

Eloralintide (LY-3841136) is an amylin receptor agonist with human AMY1R EC₅₀ 23.9 pM and human AMY3R EC₅₀ 253.8 pM. Eloralintide induces decreased appetite, reduced food intake, body weight and fat mass loss, prolonged plasma calcium²⁺ reduction, and weak conditioned taste avoidance. Eloralintide can be used for the research of obesity.