Exendin(9-39) amide
Based on 40 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Exendin(9-39) amide (Avexitide) is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) antagonist that competes with endogenous GLP-1 for binding to GLP-1 receptors, thereby antagonizing the effects of excess GLP-1 secretion. Exendin(9-39) amide can be used to study postoperative hypoglycemia (PBH).
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.78%
- CAS No.: 133514-43-9
- Formula: C149H234N40O47S
- Molecular Weight:3369.76
-
Storage:
Sealed storage, away from moisture.
Powder -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
-
Biological Activity
-
Chemical Information
-
Solvent & Solubility
- Protocol
- Purity & Documentation
- References
-
Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Exendin(9-39) amide
More- Cell Metab. 2026 Jan 6;38(1):50-64.e12. [Abstract]
- Cell Mol Immunol. 2025 Mar;22(3):282-299. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Aug 19:e2405987. [Abstract]
- J Clin Invest. 2025 Aug 26:e186652. [Abstract]
- Pharmacol Res. 2026 Jun 24:230:108321. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2026 Apr:353:151235. [Abstract]
- J Headache Pain. 2021 Jul 29;22(1):86. [Abstract]
- Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Aug;177(15):3389-3402. [Abstract]
- Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Jul 24:178:117202. [Abstract]
- Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2024 Jun;44(6):1225-1245. [Abstract]
- MAbs. 2021 Jan-Dec;13(1):1893425. [Abstract]
- Neural Regen Res. 2026 Feb 1;21(2):800-810. [Abstract]
- Mol Metab. 2026 Jun 18:110:102403. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 Oct 16;13(10):1246. [Abstract]
- Chin Med. 2026 Jan 24;21(1):51. [Abstract]
- Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 Jul;24(7):1255-1266. [Abstract]
- Life Sci. 2022 Apr 1;294:120370. [Abstract]
- J Nutr Biochem. 2025 May 12:109954. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Aug 1:140:112844. [Abstract]
- Eur J Pharmacol. 2022 Dec 5:936:175377. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 Jan:383:115001. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2023 Oct;37(10):e23201. [Abstract]
- ACS Med Chem Lett. 2026 May 4;17(5):963-972. [Abstract]
- Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2023 Apr;23(3-4):161-175. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2024 Jul 1:588:112225. [Abstract]
- Gerontology. 2023;69(5):603-614. [Abstract]
- Exp Biol Med. 2019 Oct;244(14):1193-1201. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Res. 2024 Feb:199:48-56. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021 Apr 9:548:120-126. [Abstract]
- Microcirculation. 2026 Jul;33(5):e70070. [Abstract]
- In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2024 Oct;60(9):1046-1057. [Abstract]
- Diabetol Int. 2025 Jun 5;16(3):568-579. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2026 Jun 19.
- bioRxiv. 2025 Feb 6:2025.01.31.635976. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2024 Mar 20:2024.03.18.585583. [Abstract]
- Patent. US20230278991A1.
- Dis Markers. 2022 Apr 25;2022:5013622. [Abstract]
- Research Square Preprint. 2021 Dec.
- Patent. US20200283424A1.
- Patent. US20200283424A1.
Customer Validation & Images
-
Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
-
WB
-
IF
-
WB
-
IF
Biological Activity
GLP-1 plays a role in the control of fasting glucose. Avexitide (Exendin (9-39)), a truncated form of the GLP-1 agonist exendin-4, is a specific GLP-1 receptor antagonist[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
-
CAS No. 133514-43-9
-
Appearance Solid
-
Molecular Weight 3369.76
-
Formula C149H234N40O47S
-
Color White to pale purple
-
Synonyms
Avexitide
-
Sequence
Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2
-
Sequence Shortening
DLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS-NH2
-
Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
-
Storage
Sealed storage, away from moisture
Powder -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (40)
-
Journal Impact Factor
-
Most Recent
-
Cell Metab
Gut enteroendocrine cell activation using a combination of GPR119 and GPR40 agonists results in synergistic hormone secretion in mice and humans. [Abstract]2026 Jan 6;38(1):50-64.e12. PMID: 41338185 -
Cell Mol Immunol
GLP1 alleviates oleic acid-propelled lipocalin-2 generation by tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells to reduce polymorphonuclear MDSC recruitment and enhances viral immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. [Abstract]2025 Mar;22(3):282-299. PMID: 39910336 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
2024 Aug 19:e2405987. PMID: 39159301 -
J Clin Invest
2025 Aug 26:e186652. PMID: 40857106 -
Pharmacol Res
Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, attenuates endothelial dysfunction and angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm in ApoE-/- mice. [Abstract]2026 Jun 24:230:108321. PMID: 42342001 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide protects against Alzheimer's disease by modulating SCFAs/GLP-1 axis-mediated neuroinflammation suppression. [Abstract]2026 Apr:353:151235. PMID: 41794249 -
J Headache Pain
Activation of microglial GLP-1R in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis suppresses central sensitization of chronic migraine after recurrent nitroglycerin stimulation. [Abstract]2021 Jul 29;22(1):86. PMID: 34325647
Exendin(9-39) amide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Headache Pain. 2021 Jul 29;22(1):86. [Abstract]
Western blots showing the alteration of CGRP protein levels in the TNC treated with liraglutide and Exendin (9–39) (50 μg/kg; i.p.; 16 days).
Exendin(9-39) amide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Headache Pain. 2021 Jul 29;22(1):86. [Abstract]
The density of CGRP-immunoreactive fibres in the TNC was increased in the CM and Exendin (9–39) (50 μg/kg; i.p.; 16 days) treated (CM + Exe(9–39)) groups compared with the sham group.
Exendin(9-39) amide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Headache Pain. 2021 Jul 29;22(1):86. [Abstract]
Western blots showing the changes in c-fos protein expression in the TNC following liraglutide and Exendin (9–39) (50 μg/kg; i.p.; 16 days) administration.
Exendin(9-39) amide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Headache Pain. 2021 Jul 29;22(1):86. [Abstract]
The immunofluorescence results for c-fos in the TNC showed that the number of c-fos immunoreactive cells in the Exendin (9–39) (50 μg/kg; i.p.; 16 days) treated group (CM + Exe(9–39), 72.33 ± 14.95) was higher than that of sham group (39.83 ± 13.23).
-
Br J Pharmacol
Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist regulates retinal capillary tone and restores microvascular patency after ischaemia-reperfusion injury. [Abstract]2020 Aug;177(15):3389-3402. PMID: 32232832
Exendin(9-39) amide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Aug;177(15):3389-3402. [Abstract]
The addition of Exendin‐9–39 (10 nM, 20 nM) eliminated the effect of Exendin‐4 on NO levels.
-
Biomed Pharmacother
2024 Jul 24:178:117202. PMID: 39053424
Exendin(9-39) amide purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Jul 24:178:117202. [Abstract]
Idebenone augmented insulin secre tion at 11.1 mM glucose (p<0.001), and the insulinotropic action of idebenone was markedly reversed by Exendin (9− 39).
-
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol
Novel Angiogenesis Role of GLP-1(32-36) to Rescue Diabetic Ischemic Lower Limbs via GLP-1R-Dependent Glycolysis in Mice. [Abstract]2024 Jun;44(6):1225-1245. PMID: 38511325 -
MAbs
Functional GLP-1R antibodies identified from a synthetic GPCR-focused library demonstrate potent blood glucose control. [Abstract]2021 Jan-Dec;13(1):1893425. PMID: 33706686 -
Neural Regen Res
Topical administration of GLP-1 eyedrops improves retinal ganglion cell function by facilitating presynaptic GABA release in early experimental diabetes. [Abstract]2026 Feb 1;21(2):800-810. PMID: 38934389 -
Mol Metab
2026 Jun 18:110:102403. PMID: 42314903 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
Baicalein Ameliorates Insulin Resistance of HFD/STZ Mice Through Activating PI3K/AKT Signal Pathway of Liver and Skeletal Muscle in a GLP-1R-Dependent Manner. [Abstract]2024 Oct 16;13(10):1246. PMID: 39456499 -
Chin Med
Targeting G-protein-coupled receptors and gut microbiota: Ge-Lian Qi-Shen decoction elevates GLP-1 to combat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [Abstract]2026 Jan 24;21(1):51. PMID: 41580820 -
Diabetes Obes Metab
The alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 engages the glucagon-like peptide-1 incretin hormone axis to lower levels of blood glucose in db/db mice. [Abstract]2022 Jul;24(7):1255-1266. PMID: 35293666 -
Life Sci
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation by liraglutide promotes breast cancer through NOX4/ROS/VEGF pathway. [Abstract]2022 Apr 1;294:120370. PMID: 35124000 -
J Nutr Biochem
Gut microbiota regulation by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SG5 enhances mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease mice via the GLP-1/PGC-1α pathway. [Abstract]2025 May 12:109954. PMID: 40368220 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Exendin-4 intervention attenuates atherosclerosis severity by modulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inflammatory cytokines in ApoE-/- mice. [Abstract]2024 Aug 1:140:112844. PMID: 39094363 -
Eur J Pharmacol
2022 Dec 5:936:175377. PMID: 36347320 -
Exp Neurol
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SG5 inhibits neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced PD mice through GLP-1/PGC-1α pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jan:383:115001. PMID: 39406307 -
FASEB J
2023 Oct;37(10):e23201. PMID: 37732618 -
ACS Med Chem Lett
In Vitro Characterization of Agonist and Antagonist Peptide Binding Interaction Kinetics to GLP-1R in HEK293T Cells Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy. [Abstract]2026 May 4;17(5):963-972. PMID: 42157826 -
Cardiovasc Toxicol
Liraglutide Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through the Inhibition of Necroptosis by Activating GLP-1R/PI3K/Akt Pathway. [Abstract]2023 Apr;23(3-4):161-175. PMID: 36934206 -
Mol Cell Endocrinol
Liraglutide promotes UCP1 expression and lipolysis of adipocytes by promoting the secretion of irisin from skeletal muscle cells. [Abstract]2024 Jul 1:588:112225. PMID: 38570133 -
Gerontology
Activation of the Vascular Smooth Muscle GLP-1/NCX1 Pathway Regulates Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Homeostasis and Improves Blood Pressure Variability in Hypertension. [Abstract]2023;69(5):603-614. PMID: 36882028 -
Exp Biol Med
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor pathway inhibits extracellular matrix production by mesangial cells through store-operated Ca2+ channel. [Abstract]2019 Oct;244(14):1193-1201. PMID: 31510798 -
Neurosci Res
Exendin-4 increases the firing activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons through TRPC4/5 channels. [Abstract]2024 Feb:199:48-56. PMID: 37595875 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Liraglutide regulates lipid metabolism via FGF21- LKB1- AMPK- ACC1 pathway in white adipose tissues and macrophage of type 2 diabetic mice. [Abstract]2021 Apr 9:548:120-126. PMID: 33640604 -
Microcirculation
GLP-1 Receptors Are Enriched in the Lymphatic Endothelium and Their Pharmacological Activation With Semaglutide Improves the Pumping Capacity of Lymphatic Vessels. [Abstract]2026 Jul;33(5):e70070. PMID: 42231627 -
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim
Liraglutide ameliorates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial injury through TRIB3/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]2024 Oct;60(9):1046-1057. PMID: 39039329 -
Diabetol Int
2025 Jun 5;16(3):568-579. PMID: 40607156 -
-
bioRxiv
Fatty Acid Transport Protein-2 (FATP2) Inhibition Enhances Glucose Tolerance through α-Cell-mediated GLP-1 Secretion. [Abstract]2025 Feb 6:2025.01.31.635976. PMID: 39975070 -
bioRxiv
Incretin hormones and pharmacomimetics rapidly inhibit AgRP neuron activity to suppress appetite. [Abstract]2024 Mar 20:2024.03.18.585583. PMID: 38562891 -
-
Dis Markers
Liraglutide Alleviates Diabetic Atherosclerosis through Regulating Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. [Abstract]2022 Apr 25;2022:5013622. PMID: 35510038 -
-
-
Solvent & Solubility
H2O : 50 mg/mL (14.84 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 100 mg/mL (29.68 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Protocol
Mice[2]
Alzet miniosmotic pumps are implanted subcutaneously to deliver Avexitide (Exendin (9-39)) at a rate of 150 pmol/kg/min or vehicle (0.9% NaCl, 1% bovine serum albumin) for 2 weeks[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
-
Data Sheet (285 KB)
-
SDS (252 KB)
- English - EN (252 KB)
- Français - FR (252 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (252 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (252 KB)
- Español - ES (252 KB)
- Swedish - SV (252 KB)
- Italian - IT (252 KB)
- Korean - KR (252 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (252 KB)
-
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Calabria AC, et al. GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin-(9-39) elevates fasting blood glucose levels in congenital owing to inactivating mutations in the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Diabetes. 2012 Oct;61(10):2585-91. [Content Brief]
[2]. De León DD, et al. Exendin-(9-39) corrects fasting hypoglycemia in SUR-1-/- mice by lowering cAMP in pancreatic beta-cells and inhibiting secretion. J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 19;283(38):25786-93. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O | 1 mM | 0.2968 mL | 1.4838 mL | 2.9676 mL | 7.4189 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.0594 mL | 0.2968 mL | 0.5935 mL | 1.4838 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0297 mL | 0.1484 mL | 0.2968 mL | 0.7419 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Powered by Bioz