Gonadal Disease

4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide (4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide) is an orally active metabolite of 4-vinylcyclohexene. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide induces Apoptosis, increases intracellular ROS, and activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide selectively damages small ovarian follicles, inhibits granulosa cell function, and disrupts the male reproductive system. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide can be used in the study of premature ovarian insufficiency, reproductive toxicity, and related fertility disorders.

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17α-Hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate; 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone caproate) is a progesterone receptor (progesterone receptor) ligand and steroid hormone transcription inhibitor. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate downregulates estrogen receptors in target tissues and activates their metabolic pathways, and exhibits equivalent affinity for progesterone receptor A and progesterone receptor B. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate shows no consistent teratogenicity or developmental toxicity in rat, mouse and monkey models, but induces resorption or abortion in rhesus monkeys at human-equivalent doses. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate promotes the production of TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood from non-pregnant women. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate can be used in scientific research related to preterm birth.

β-Estradiol 17-acetate (1,3,5(10)-Estratriene-3,17β-diol 17-acetate) is a long-acting endogenous estrogen precursor and also a cell viability and proliferation enhancer. β-Estradiol 17-acetate promotes the adhesion and proliferation of freshly isolated and revived female-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells, and reverses the decreased viability of revived male-derived human brain microvascular endothelial cells. β-Estradiol 17-acetate exerts the microvascular protective effect of estrogen, enabling non-tumor human brain microvascular endothelial cells to be cultured in vitro for 2 months after cryopreservation. β-Estradiol 17-acetate is biotransformed into β-estradiol via hydrolase action in the in vitro skin of humans, hairless dogs, rats and hairless mice.

Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside is a p38 MAPK phosphorylation inhibitor. Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside reduces the expression of VDAC1, inhibits mtROS accumulation, reverses cellular senescence, blocks excessive mitochondrial calcium influx, reduces the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and suppresses the VDAC1-IP3R1 interaction. Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside activates hair follicle stem cell proliferation and improves the condition of slowed hair growth. Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside is applicable to research related to colon cancer and androgenetic alopecia.

Benzophenone-2 (2,2',4,4'-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone) is an organic ultraviolet absorber that is widely used in personal care products and industrial products such as plastics and coatings. Benzophenone-2 is an endocrine disruptor that can interfere with estrogen receptors (ERα receptor) and pregnane X receptor (PXR receptor) activity, leading to reproductive toxicity, immune disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. Benzophenone-2 can inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 49.72 μM), and can be used for research on diabetes.

(Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate is a component of insect sex pheromones, which elicits electroantennogram responses in male Plutella xylostella and induces their wing-fanning and claspers-exposing behaviors. (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate also serves as a sex pheromone component of Spodoptera exigua and Chilo suppressalis. When used in combination with other pheromones, (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate significantly enhances the attraction effect on male Tryporyza incertulas, and it exists in trace amounts in the eluate of the ovipositor of female Tryporyza incertulas. (Z)-11-Hexadecenyl acetate shows no attraction effect on male Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and exhibits species specificity.

Murine ZP3 peptide (330-342) is a zona pellucida 3 polypeptide fragment with the amino acid sequence NSSSSQFQIHGPR. Murine ZP3 peptide (330-342) induces autoimmune premature ovarian failure (POF). Murine ZP3 peptide (330-342) can be used for the research of premature ovarian failure.

Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate-d₄ (MEOHP-d₄; 5-oxo-MEHP-d₄) is the deuterated-labeled Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (HY-133676). Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP; 5-oxo-MEHP) is a secondary metabolite produced by cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated oxidation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Exposure levels of Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate are associated with late-onset hypogonadism. Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate can be used for research on mechanisms related to male reproductive endocrine disorders.

Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP; 5-oxo-MEHP) is a secondary metabolite produced by cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated oxidation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Exposure levels of Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate are associated with late-onset hypogonadism. Mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate can be used for research on mechanisms related to male reproductive endocrine disorders.

Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate is an orally active and osmotic laxative, often used as a component of over-the-counter gastrointestinal lavage drugs. Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate draws water into the intestinal lumen, maintains electrical neutrality by retaining cations in the intestinal lumen, and thereby alters fecal volume, consistency and phosphate levels. Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate can be used to generate self-assembled calcium phosphate tubular scaffolds, which support the adhesion, survival and elongation of mesenchymal stem cells. Sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate can be applied to research on factitious disorders and related fields.

Paroxypropione (4'-Hydroxypropiophenone) is a manufactured, nonsteroidal estrogen and can be used for endocrine research.

Perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) is an orally active perfluoroalkyl substance. Perfluorotetradecanoic acid directly binds to the ligand-binding domain of purified hPPARγ, with a K_d value of 157.8 μM. Perfluorotetradecanoic acid significantly reduces the activity of the SIRT1/PGC1α and AMPK signaling pathways while stimulating the activity of the AKT1/mTOR signaling pathway. Perfluorotetradecanoic acid significantly upregulates the expression of corticosterone biosynthesis genes. Perfluorotetradecanoic acid increases ROS levels and promotes Apoptosis. Perfluorotetradecanoic acid impairs Leydig cell function and male reproductive endocrine function in adult male rats.

Lygodii spora extract (Lygodium japonicum extract) is an extract of Lygodium japonicum that has anti-androgen effects.

Butea superba extract is a type of Butea Superba Roxb that can be used in research on the prevention of erectile dysfunction.

Impatiens balsamina L. extract (Garden balsamseed extract) is an extract of Impatiens balsamina L. that can be used in research on androgenetic alopecia.

Vitex rotundifolia extract is an extract of Vitex agnus-castus, which can be used in research on various hormone-related diseases.

Estrogen receptor modulator 14 is a chromene-derived prodrug of selective Estrogen Receptor modulator with oral activity. Estrogen receptor modulator 14 undergoes hydrolysis in vivo to produce the active metabolite 2d-(R), which acts on ERα and ERβ. Estrogen receptor modulator 14 acts on central thermoregulatory sites and possesses the ability to regulate estrogen signaling in multiple systemic tissues. Estrogen receptor modulator 14 maintains antiestrogenic activity in the uterus, and alters plasma cholesterol and bone metabolism. Estrogen receptor modulator 14 can be used for the research of estrogen receptor-related diseases.

PROTAC AR Degrader-13 is a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTACs) that targets the androgen receptor (AR). PROTAC AR Degrader-13 has a DC₅₀ of 0.90 nM in LNCaP cells and a DC₅₀ of 0.23 nM in hDPC cells. PROTAC AR Degrader-13 induces AR degradation, downregulates TGF-β1 expression, upregulates β-catenin levels, and restores the Wnt/β-catenin pro-proliferation signaling in hair follicles. In a testosterone-induced androgenetic alopecia mouse model, PROTAC AR Degrader-13 accelerates hair regeneration rate, increases hair density and hair diameter. PROTAC AR Degrader-13 can be used for the research of androgenetic alopecia.

Ipidacrine (NIK-247; Amiridine) hydrochloride is orally active and blood-brain-barrier-penetrant AChE and BuChE inhibitors with IC₅₀ values of 1 μM and 1.9 μM, respectively, which is also a partial agonist of M2-cholinergic receptors and a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Ipidacrine hydrochloride has a stimulating effect on neuromuscular transmission and excitation along the nerve fibres with a moderately anti-pain effect. Ipidacrine hydrochloride is an aminopyridines and is structurally similar to Tacrine (HY-111338). Ipidacrine hydrochloride is effective in various amnesia models, improves erectile function and inhibits K⁺ and Na⁺-channels in the neuronal membrane in diabetic rats. Ipidacrine hydrochloride is promising for research of Alzheimer’s disease, ischaemic stroke, idiopathic neuropathy of the facial nerve, diabetes mellitus-induced erectile dysfunction and other deficits in central or peripheral cholinergic deseases.

YM-1758735 is an orally active androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with an IC₅₀ of 0.2 μM. YM-1758735 inhibits AR-mediated transcriptional activation. YM-1758735 can be used for the research of prostate.