CNS Neoplasm

Cilengitide (EMD 121974) is an integrin (integrin) inhibitor with blood-brain barrier permeability, with IC₅₀ values against human targets as follows: 0.61 nM for αvβ3, 8.4 nM for αvβ5, 14.9 nM for α5β1, 5400 nM for αIIbβ3, 2050 nM for αvβ6, 2350 nM for αvβ8. Cilengitide inhibits the binding of integrins to vitronectin, fibronectin, fibrinogen and LAP (TGF-β), and serves as an internal standard for solid-phase integrin binding assays. Cilengitide inhibits tumor cell viability, induces apoptosis, reduces the phosphorylation levels of STAT3, AKT and mTOR, downregulates the expression of PD-L1, inhibits cell viability and angiogenesis, regulates anti-tumor immune responses and slows tumor growth. Cilengitide can be used in research related to glioblastoma, melanoma, advanced solid tumors and refractory brain tumors.

Busulfan is a potent alkylating antineoplastic agent. Busulfan causes DNA damage by cross-linking DNAs and DNA and proteins. Busulfan inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Busulfan induces apoptosis. Busulfan is an immunosuppressive and myeloablative chemotherapeutic agent.

CC-885, a cereblon (CRBN) modulator, acts as a molecular glue degrader targeting GSPT1 with a K_d of 350 nM. CC-885 binds to CRBN to alter the substrate specificity of the CRL4 E3 ligase, promoting the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of GSPT1, BNIP3L, PLK1, CDK4, IKZF1/3, GSPT2, WIZ, CHD7, GOLM1, CK1α and ETS1. CC-885 induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, transcriptional downregulation and antiproliferation in cancer cells. CC-885 is applicable to research related to relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia, MYC-driven tumors, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, hepatocellular carcinoma, glioblastoma, VHL-deficient clear cell renal cell carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; δ-Aminolevulinic acid; 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid) hydrochloride is an orally active heme precursor. 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride promotes aerobic energy metabolism and increases ATP levels by enhancing the activity of cytochrome c oxidase. 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride enhances LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and gene activation, and restores the phagocytic activity and ROS generation capacity of neutrophils. 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride selectively accumulates protoporphyrin IX in tumor cells; as a photosensitizer and radiosensitizer, it induces ROS burst upon light or X-ray irradiation to inhibit tumor growth. 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride can be applied to the research of septic shock, melanoma, and cancer radiotherapy.

Bosutinib is an orally active Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC₅₀ of 1.2 nM and 1 nM, respectively.

ARV-825 is a BET protein PROTAC degrader that recruits cereblon, and it targets BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. ARV-825 downregulates c-MYC, PLK1, MYCN, CDK4/6, JAK2, pSTAT3/5, PIM1, and Bcl-xL, upregulates p21 and p27, and modulates H3K27Ac-mediated transcription, the G2/M checkpoint, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and amino acid transport pathways. ARV-825 induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest, caspase 3/PARP-mediated apoptosis, DNA damage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduces mitochondrial respiration, and simultaneously inhibits cell proliferation, clonogenic growth, and cell migration. ARV-825 is used in research on gastric cancer, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.

Polatuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD79b on the surface of B cells. Polatuzumab can be used to synthesize the ADC Polatuzumab Vedotin (HY-132253), which has anti-tumor activity.

Methimazole (Thiamazole) is an anti-thyroid agent, which blocks thyroid hormone production from the thyroid gland. Metamizol can cause hepatotoxicity.

Idasanutlin (RG7388) is an orally bioavailable MDM2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6 nM. Idasanutlin disrupts MDM2-p53 binding, stabilizes and activates p53, triggering cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and reduced cancer cell viability. Idasanutlin reduces EGFR protein expression and phosphorylation, suppresses downstream SHP2, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, AKT, mTOR, p70(S6K1), and S6 signaling. Idasanutlin induces mitochondrial ROS production, drives p38 MAPK phosphorylation, upregulates NOXA, and mediates caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis. Idasanutlin can be used for the research of TP53-mutant non-small cell lung cancer, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, colorectal carcinoma, melanoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, neuroblastoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia, osteosarcoma, solid tumors, and hematological tumors.

IOX1, a chemical probe, is a potent broad‐spectrum inhibitor of 2OG oxygenases, including the JmjC demethylases. IOX1 inhibits KDM4C, KDM4E, KDM2A, KDM3A and KDM6B with IC₅₀ values of 0.6 μM, 2.3 μM, 1.8 μM, 0.1 μM and 1.4 μM, respectively. IOX1 also inhibits ALKBH5.

Gamma-linolenic acid (γ-Linolenic acid) is an orally active unsaturated fatty acid. Gamma-linolenic acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK. At the same time, it exerts anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis (Apoptosis) in cancer cells. Additionally, Gamma-linolenic acid also has antioxidant and memory-improving effects. It holds promise for research in the fields of inflammation, neurology, and cancer diseases.

Bardoxolone (CDDO; RTA 401) is a Nrf2 activator. Bardoxolone shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro with IC50 of 27.99 μM. Bardoxolone activates the Nrf2 pathway and inhibits the NF-κB pathway. Bardoxolone can induce cells differentiation, apoptosis and shows antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. Bardoxolone can increase ROS and decrease intracellular GSH levels. Bardoxolone inhibits Z-VAD-FMK (HY-16658B)-induced necroptosis. Bardoxolone can be used for the research of cancer, inflammation and infection, such as SARS-CoV infection and glioblastoma.

PF-562271 (VS-6062) is an orally active, ATP-competitive, reversible FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 1.5 nM for FAK and 13 nM for Pyk2. PF-562271 induces tumor regression, and inhibits tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. PF-562271 exerts no effect on tumor necrosis, angiogenesis or apoptosis in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. When combined with Sunitinib (HY-10255A), PF-562271 reduces tumor vascularization, decreases serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and improves cachexia. PF-562271 can be used in research related to prostate cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, glioblastoma, lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Lomustine (CCNU; NSC 79037) is a DNA alkylating agent, with antitumor activity.

Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC₅₀s of 1-4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells.

NNC 55-0396 (NNC 55-0396 dihydrochloride) is a blood-brain-barrier-permeable T-type Ca²⁺ channel inhibitor and pan-P450 inhibitor. NNC 55-0396 selectively inhibits T-type Ca²⁺ channels, suppresses HIF-1α expression and stability and inhibits Kv currents. NNC 55-0396 reduces brain infarct and attenuates neurological dysfunction. NNC 55-0396 inhibits the activity of multiple P450 enzymes. NNC 55-0396 (free base) can be used for the research of brain injury, hypertension, and glioblastoma.

SKI-II is an orally active dual-target inhibitor of SphK1/2 and DES1, with K_i values of 16 µM and 0.3 µM against SphK1 and DES1, respectively. SKI-II activates the PERK-Nrf2 antioxidant pathway by stabilizing Nrf2, and synergizes with Temozolomide (HY-17364) to induce oxidative/endoplasmic reticulum stress and cancer cell death under hypoxic conditions. In vivo, SKI-II inhibits SphK activity, promotes ceramide accumulation and apoptosis, and synergizes with Cisplatin (HY-17394) to reverse drug resistance via the ras/MAPK pathway. SKI-II reduces measles virus replication by inhibiting mTORC1 activity. SKI-II binds to VCP to induce M1 polarization, enhances host tolerance to Staphylococcus aureus infection, and exerts radioprotective effects through Nrf2 activation and accelerated DNA repair. SKI-II can be used in research related to glioblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia, gastric cancer, measles virus infection, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and acute radiation syndrome.

EPZ020411 is a selective, blood-brain barrier-permeable PRMT6 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.010 μM. EPZ020411 blocks PRMT6-mediated histone H3R2 methylation, reduces ROS production, and inhibits Apoptosis. EPZ020411 is applicable to research related to neuropathic pain, colorectal cancer, ototoxicity, hearing loss and glioblastoma.

Cilengitide TFA (EMD 121974 TFA) is an integrin (integrin) inhibitor with blood-brain barrier permeability, with IC₅₀ values against human targets as follows: 0.61 nM for αvβ3, 8.4 nM for αvβ5, 14.9 nM for α5β1, 5400 nM for αIIbβ3, 2050 nM for αvβ6, 2350 nM for αvβ8. Cilengitide TFA inhibits the binding of integrins to vitronectin, fibronectin, fibrinogen and LAP (TGF-β), and serves as an internal standard for solid-phase integrin binding assays. Cilengitide TFA inhibits tumor cell viability, induces apoptosis, reduces the phosphorylation levels of STAT3, AKT and mTOR, downregulates the expression of PD-L1, inhibits cell viability and angiogenesis, regulates anti-tumor immune responses and slows tumor growth. Cilengitide TFA can be used in research related to glioblastoma, melanoma, advanced solid tumors and refractory brain tumors.

Onartuzumab (MetMAb) is a unique, humanized and affinity-matured monovalent (one-armed) monoclonal antibody against the MET receptor. Onartuzumab potently inhibits HGF binding and receptor phosphorylation and signaling. Onartuzumab has antibody-like pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity.