Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive, grade 4 astrocytic brain tumor characterized by rapid growth, invasive behavior, abnormal cell proliferation, and the formation of new blood vessels to support tumor expansion. It predominantly affects adults aged 45–70 and arises from glial cells in the brain hemispheres, though it can occur anywhere in the central nervous system. Common symptoms include headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting, memory loss, personality changes, mood disturbances, impaired concentration, and focal neurological deficits such as weakness on one side of the body. These symptoms often mimic those of stroke, complicating early diagnosis. GBM has a universally poor prognosis, with median survival of less than six months without treatment, and limited therapeutic options remain available despite advances in neuro-oncology. Metastasis to the spinal cord can further worsen outcomes, underscoring the urgent need for improved radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic strategies.