Glycosides

SBE-β-CD is a sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin derivative used as an excipient or a formulating agent to increase the solubility of poorly soluble agents.

Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy.

Bleomycin sulfate is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Bleomycin hydrochloride is a DNA damaging agent. Bleomycin sulfate is an antitumor antibiotic.

G-418 disulfate (Geneticin sulfate), is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. G-418 disulfate is commonly used as a selective agent for eukaryotic cells.

Puromycin dihydrochloride (CL13900 dihydrochloride), an aminonucleoside antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis.

Puerarin is an isoflavone extracted from Pueraria root and is a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist. Puerarin inhibits the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV)-vagus nerve pathway, which in turn leads to decreased fat absorption.

Kanamycin sulfate (Kanamycin A sulfate) is an antibacterial agent. Kanamycin sulfate blocks Kir4.1 channels. Kanamycin sulfate inhibits bacterial mRNA translation and exerts bactericidal effects against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and acid-resistant microorganisms. Kanamycin sulfate produces ROS and superoxide and induces caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Kanamycin sulfate inhibits biofilms and reduces persister bacteria, and reduces Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. Kanamycin sulfate can be used in research on bacterial infections, urinary tract infections, tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus-induced peritonitis.

Conduritol B epoxide is an irreversible covalently bound acid β-glucosidase (GCase) inhibitor.

Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth. Digitonin is an natural detergent.

Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic active against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR inhibits autophagy through a mechanism independent of AMPK activity.

Neomycin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, exerts antibacterial activity through irreversible binding of the nuclear 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby blocking bacterial protein synthesis. Neomycin sulfate is a known phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. Neomycin sulfate potently inhibits both the nuclear translocation of angiogenin and angiogenin-induced cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Neomycin sulfate inhibits IP3-mediated Ca²⁺ release, MgATP-dependent Ca²⁺ uptake, and electrical excitation-evoked skeletal muscle Ca²⁺ transients. Neomycin sulfate depletes gut microbiota in specific mouse models, causes hearing impairment, and kidney damage with prolonged exposure. Neomycin sulfate can be used for the research of cancer.

IPTG is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator.

Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148), a new type of agent used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM), is a competitive sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, which results in excretion of glucose into the urine. Dapagliflozin induces HIF1 expression and attenuates renal IR injury.

Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.

Baicalin, as a flavonoid glycoside, is an allosteric carnitine palmityl transferase 1 (CPT1) activator. Baicalin reduces the expression of NF-κB.

Glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpenoid saponinl, acting as a direct HMGB1 antagonist, with anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities.

Nystatin is an orally active polyene antifungal antibiotic effective against yeast and mycoplasma. Nystatin increases the permeability of plasma membranes to small monovalent ions, including chloridion. Nystatin is a cholesterol-sequestering agent, partially prevents Oxaliplatin-induced lipid raft aggregation, DR4 and DR5 clustering, and thereby reduces apoptosis.

Astragaloside IV, an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Gentamicin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, inhibits the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and to inhibit several strains of mycoplasma in tissue culture. Gentamicin sulfate inhibits DNase I with an IC₅₀ of 0.57 mM.