Glycosides

SBE-β-CD is a sulfobutylether β-cyclodextrin derivative used as an excipient or a formulating agent to increase the solubility of poorly soluble agents.

Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy.

Bleomycin sulfate is a DNA synthesis inhibitor. Bleomycin hydrochloride is a DNA damaging agent. Bleomycin sulfate is an antitumor antibiotic.

G-418 disulfate (Geneticin sulfate), is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. G-418 disulfate is commonly used as a selective agent for eukaryotic cells.

Puromycin dihydrochloride (CL13900 dihydrochloride), an aminonucleoside antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis.

Sialyl Lewis A (SLeA) sodium is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, also known as carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), that binds to E-selectin (ELAM-1) and selectins to mediate cell-endothelium adhesion. Sialyl Lewis A sodium promotes cancer cell-vascular endothelium adhesion, and its surface presence correlates with increased tumorigenicity and invasiveness in cancer cells. Sialyl Lewis A sodium shows elevated expression in human adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, and stomach, with expression levels linked to tumor progression and poor prognosis in colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Sialyl Lewis A sodium can be used for the research of cancers, such as colon, pancreas, stomach, and squamous lung cancer.

Deferiprone O-β-D-glucuronide sodium is a novel orally active iron chelator. Deferiprone O-β-D-glucuronide sodium can be used to investigate its ability to reduce iron burden in patients with β-thalassemia.

Liriope muscari baily saponins C is one of major active compounds of L. muscari (Decne.) Baily. Liriope muscari baily saponins C possesses strong anti-inflammatory, immunopharmacological and cardioprotective activities. Liriope muscari baily saponins C has been studied as a candidate agent for cancer metastasis.

Digitonin, a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea, could increase cell permeability by binding to cholesterol molecules and reduce tumor growth. Digitonin is an natural detergent.

Hygromycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic active against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR inhibits autophagy through a mechanism independent of AMPK activity.

Neomycin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, exerts antibacterial activity through irreversible binding of the nuclear 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby blocking bacterial protein synthesis. Neomycin sulfate is a known phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. Neomycin sulfate potently inhibits both the nuclear translocation of angiogenin and angiogenin-induced cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Neomycin sulfate inhibits IP3-mediated Ca²⁺ release, MgATP-dependent Ca²⁺ uptake, and electrical excitation-evoked skeletal muscle Ca²⁺ transients. Neomycin sulfate depletes gut microbiota in specific mouse models, causes hearing impairment, and kidney damage with prolonged exposure. Neomycin sulfate can be used for the research of cancer.

IPTG is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator.

Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148), a new type of agent used to treat diabetes mellitus (DM), is a competitive sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, which results in excretion of glucose into the urine. Dapagliflozin induces HIF1 expression and attenuates renal IR injury.

Vancomycin hydrochloride is an antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections. It acts by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis of susceptible bacteria. Vancomycin also alters the permeability of the cell membrane and selectively inhibits ribonucleic acid synthesis.

Baicalin, as a flavonoid glycoside, is an allosteric carnitine palmityl transferase 1 (CPT1) activator. Baicalin reduces the expression of NF-κB.

Glycyrrhizic acid is a triterpenoid saponinl, acting as a direct HMGB1 antagonist, with anti-tumor, anti-diabetic activities.

Nystatin is an orally active polyene antifungal antibiotic effective against yeast and mycoplasma. Nystatin increases the permeability of plasma membranes to small monovalent ions, including chloridion. Nystatin is a cholesterol-sequestering agent, partially prevents Oxaliplatin-induced lipid raft aggregation, DR4 and DR5 clustering, and thereby reduces apoptosis.

Astragaloside IV, an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

Gentamicin sulfate, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, inhibits the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and to inhibit several strains of mycoplasma in tissue culture. Gentamicin sulfate inhibits DNase I with an IC₅₀ of 0.57 mM.