Cystatin A

Cystatin A, or stefin A, is a type 1 cystatin: a small, non-glycosylated inhibitor that resides in the cytosol rather than being secreted. It is abundant in keratinocytes and other squamous epithelia, where it is incorporated into the cornified cell envelope during terminal differentiation and inhibits cathepsins B, H, and L to protect tissue from uncontrolled proteolysis. Cystatin A levels rise in psoriatic epidermis, and its expression is reduced in several carcinomas, consistent with a protective, differentiation-linked role. Recombinant cystatin A is used in cysteine-protease inhibition studies and in research on epidermal barrier formation.