HIFs (Hypoxia-inducible factors) are transcription factors that respond to changes in available oxygen in the cellular environment, to be specific, to decreases in oxygen, or hypoxia. The HIF signaling cascade mediates the effects of hypoxia, the state of low oxygen concentration, on the cell. Hypoxia often keeps cells from differentiating. However, hypoxia promotes the formation of blood vessels, and is important for the formation of a vascular system in embryos, and cancer tumors. The hypoxia in wounds also promotes the migration of keratinocytes and the restoration of the epithelium. In general, HIFs are vital to development. In mammals, deletion of the HIF-1 genes results in perinatal death. HIF-1 has been shown to be vital to chondrocyte survival, allowing the cells to adapt to low-oxygen conditions within the growth plates of bones. HIF plays a central role in the regulation of human metabolism. Recently, several drugs that act as selective HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors have been developed.
TP0463518 is a potent hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) inhibitor with a Ki value of 5.3 nM for human PHD2. TP0463518 also inhibits human PHD1/PHD3 with IC50s of 18 and 63 nM as well as monkey PHD2 with an IC50 value of 22 nM.
M1001 is a weak agonist of HIF-2α, directly binds to the HIF-2α PAS-B domain, with a Kd of 667 nM. M1001 enhances the stabilities of HIF-2α-ARNT complex.
Daprodustat (GSK1278863) is an orally active hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease.
Oltipraz has an inhibitory effect on HIF-1α activation in a time-dependent manner, completely abrogating HIF-1α induction at ≥10 μM concentrations, the IC50 of Oltipraz for HIF-1α inhibition is 10 μM.
Chlorogenic acid is a major phenolic compound in coffee and tea. It plays several important and therapeutic roles such as antioxidant activity, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, anti-microbial, anti-hypertension.
Molidustat (BAY 85-3934) is a novel inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH) with mean IC50 values of 480 nM for PHD1, 280 nM for PHD2, and 450 nM for PHD3.
