Osteoporosis

Mito-TEMPO is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. Mito-TEMPO induces mitophagy by activating the PINK1/Parkin pathway, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, restores mitochondrial membrane potential, and improves renal function and podocyte injury. Mito-TEMPO regulates Ca²⁺ homeostasis, inhibits Bnip3 overexpression, shortens action potential duration, and exerts antiarrhythmic effects. Mito-TEMPO reverses premature senescence, reduces trabecular bone loss, and decreases cell apoptosis. Mito-TEMPO can be used in studies of chronic kidney disease, age-related cardiac dysfunction, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and ischemic stroke.

DHEA (Prasterone) is one of the most abundant steroid hormones. DHEA (Prasterone) mediates its action via multiple signaling pathways involving specific membrane receptors and via transformation into androgen and estrogen derivatives (e.g., androgens, estrogens, 7α and 7β DHEA, and 7α and 7β epiandrosterone derivatives) acting through their specific receptors.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol) is a naturally occuring form of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 induces cell differentiation and prevents proliferation of cancer cells.

Alendronate (sodium hydrate) is a farnesyl diphosphate synthase inhibitor with IC₅₀ of 460 nM.

Alendronate acid is an orally active bisphosphonate which binds to bone surfaces and inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Alendronate acid induces skeletal alterations in the chicken embryonic development model. Alendronate acid can be used for osteoporosis research.

Y1693 is an orally active RANKL inhibitor with a K_d of 5.03 μM for hRANKL. Y1693 inhibits the activation of the downstream c-fos/NFATc1 signaling pathway by blocking its interaction with RANK. Y1693 significantly inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, F-actin ring formation and bone resorptive activity, while downregulating the mRNA and protein expressions of TRAP, cathepsin K, c-fos and NFATc1. Y1693 shows no obvious cytotoxicity to bone marrow-derived macrophages and osteoclast precursor cells, and exhibits favorable ADME properties. Y1693 improves ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice and reverses ligation-induced periodontal alveolar bone loss. Y1693 is applicable to research related to osteoporosis and periodontal diseases.

C-telopeptide acetate is a cross-linked peptide of type I collagen that is released during bone resorption and correlates with bone mineral density (BMD). C-telopeptide acetate can be used in studies related to postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Rehmanniae radix extract is an extract of Rehmannia glutinosa that can be used in osteoporosis research.

Alendronate sodium is an orally active bisphosphonate which binds to bone surfaces and inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Alendronate sodium induces skeletal alterations in the chicken embryonic development model. Alendronate sodium can be used for osteoporosis research.

MitoTEMPO hydrate is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. MitoTEMPO hydrate induces mitophagy by activating the PINK1/Parkin pathway, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, restores mitochondrial membrane potential, and improves renal function and podocyte injury. MitoTEMPO hydrate regulates Ca²⁺ homeostasis, inhibits Bnip3 overexpression, shortens action potential duration, and exerts antiarrhythmic effects. MitoTEMPO hydrate reverses premature senescence, reduces trabecular bone loss, and decreases cell apoptosis. MitoTEMPO hydrate can be used in studies of chronic kidney disease, age-related cardiac dysfunction, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and ischemic stroke.

Fructooligosaccharides (Oligolevulose) are a class of orally active dietary fibers and prebiotics. Fructooligosaccharides exist in foods such as breast milk, wheat, honey, onions, garlic and bananas. Fructooligosaccharides resist hydrolysis by the body's digestive enzymes and stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria through colonic fermentation. Fructooligosaccharides significantly prevent bone loss in the femur and lumbar spine.

Clodronic acid (Clodronate) disodium salt is an orally active bisphosphonate. Clodronic acid disodium salt inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Clodronic acid disodium salt reduces skeletal event risk in malignant bone disease, impairs malignant osteolysis, blocks bone matrix growth-factor release, induces apoptosis in osteoclasts and macrophages. Clodronic acid disodium salt is effective in the maintenance or improvement of bone mineral density. Clodronic acid disodium salt can be used for the research of multiple myeloma and postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Anti-Mouse RANKL/CD254 Antibody (IK22/5) is an anti-mouse RANKL/CD254 IgG2a monoclonal antibody. Anti-Mouse RANKL/CD254 Antibody (IK22/5) inhibits osteoclast formation and activity by specifically blocking the binding of RANKL and RANK. Anti-Mouse RANKL/CD254 Antibody (IK22/5) can inhibit the expression of MuRF1/Trogin-1 and activation of NF-κB. Anti-Mouse RANKL/CD254 Antibody (IK22/5) can be used for research on cancer such as melanoma or colon cancer and osteoporosis.

Kirenol is a diterpenoid compound, an orally active apoptosis inducer and signaling pathway regulator, with a K_d value of 5.47 μM against the target CK2. Kirenol promotes the cleavage of Bid into tBid, regulates the protein levels/phosphorylation of Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and p21, and induces caspase-independent apoptosis, S-phase cell cycle arrest, ROS accumulation and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Kirenol activates the CK2/AKT and AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathways, inhibits the signaling of NF-κB, TGF-β/Smads and NLRP3 inflammasome, and regulates the GSK3β, BMP and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Kirenol induces autophagy, mitophagy and osteoblast differentiation, promotes mitochondrial fusion, and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, renoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and analgesic effects. Kirenol is applicable to research related to chronic myeloid leukemia, ischemic stroke, diabetic nephropathy, heart failure, acute lung injury and osteoporosis.

Methylnissolin (Astrapterocarpan) is an osteoclast inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and antioxidant activities. Methylnissolin downregulates the activation of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, inhibits the phosphorylation of MAPK1 and AKT1, and blocks PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Methylnissolin reduces the expression and secretion of proinflammatory mediators, decreases intracellular ROS levels, upregulates antioxidant enzymes, and downregulates osteoclastogenesis markers. Methylnissolin is applicable to research related to ischemic stroke, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, skin aging, etc.

Risedronic acid (Risedronate) is a bisphosphonate and potent antiresorptive agent. Risedronic acid induces Apoptosis. Risedronic acid inhibits the transfer of farnesyl pyrophosphate groups to parasite proteins. Risedronic acid inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and alters bone metabolism. Risedronic acid inhibits blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum (IC₅₀ of 20.3 μM).

Pinoresinol Diglucoside is an orally active lignan with multifunctional bioactivity. Pinoresinol Diglucoside interacts with targets including ALB, HIF1A, GSK3B, BCL2, MARK3, IL6, NF-κB p65, Nrf2, HO-1, and TLR4, and modulates pathways including PI3K-Akt, estrogen, MAPK, Rap1, AKT/mTOR/NF-κB, and TGF-β1/Smads. Pinoresinol Diglucoside regulates osteogenesis, bone resorption, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, ferroptosis, ferritinophagy, cardiac fibrosis, and vasorelaxation. Pinoresinol Diglucoside can be used for the research of osteoporosis, ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, chondrodysplasia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, cisplatin-induced hearing loss, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, and disuse osteoporosis.

Ibutamoren (MK-677 free base; MK-0677 free base) is an orally active non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue receptor agonist. Ibutamoren activates signal cascades by mimicking endogenous ligands, triggers pulsatile release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland, and increases serum levels of IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3. Ibutamoren not only increases the frequency of growth hormone pulses in male individuals, but also promotes elevated bone formation markers in female individuals with postmenopausal osteoporosis. The combination of Ibutamoren with Alendronate sodium hydrate (HY-11101) significantly increases bone mineral density at the femoral neck. However, Ibutamoren may cause mild, reversible adverse reactions such as increased appetite, fluid retention, and elevated fasting blood glucose. Ibutamoren has been widely used in studies related to idiopathic growth hormone deficiency, sarcopenia, Alzheimer's disease, and osteoporosis.

Loganic acid is an iridoid isolated from cornelian cherry fruits. Loganic acid inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway, activates Nrf2 signaling pathway, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Loganic acid can modulate diet-induced atherosclerosis and redox status. Loganic acid has strong free radical scavenging activity and remarkable cyto-protective effect against heavy metal mediated toxicity. Loganic acid is orally active.

DS96432529 is an orally active CDK8 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 33 nM. DS96432529 enhances ALPase activity, with an EC₂₀₀ of 63 nM. DS96432529 inhibits TNF-α-induced activation of the RLR signaling pathway, activates mitophagy, accelerates mineralized nodule formation, and suppresses the proliferation of periodontal ligament stem cells. DS96432529 promotes bone formation, alleviates ligation-induced alveolar bone loss, and increases bone mineral density in ovariectomized animal models. DS96432529 can be used in studies related to periodontitis and osteoporosis.