Microbial Metabolite
Microbial metabolites function as critical mediators between host physiology and microbiome activity, regulating immunity, metabolic homeostasis, and tissue repair[1][2][3]. Mechanistically, these metabolites modulate host cellular signaling through pathways including AMPK, PPARα, and HDAC inhibition, influencing lipid metabolism, bone homeostasis, and epigenetic regulation[4][5][6][7]. In disease models, specific microbial metabolites such as 10-hydroxystearic acid and imidazole propionate demonstrate dual roles in hepatic regeneration and bone dysfunction, respectively, underscoring context-dependent effects[5][6]. Compared with related isoforms, certain microbial metabolites act selectively on target enzymes or receptors, exemplified by butyrate and valeric acid inhibiting class I HDACs without affecting other isoforms[7]. For experimental applications, metabolites have been leveraged as diagnostic markers in gastric cancer, modulators of drug toxicity, and indicators of microbial-host metabolic interactions[2][8][9]. Bioinformatic tools, including MetOrigin, enable precise discrimination of microbial metabolite origins and facilitate pathway enrichment analysis, enhancing identification of functionally relevant compounds[4]. The integration of metagenomics, metabolomics, and metaproteomics supports targeted discovery of microbial metabolites for both mechanistic studies and therapeutic interventions[3][10][11].
References:
- [1]. Fobofou SA, et al. Microbial metabolites: cause or consequence in gastrointestinal disease? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2022 Jun 1;322(6):G535-G552. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Nie S, et al. Microbial-Related Metabolites May Be Involved in Eight Major Biological Processes and Represent Potential Diagnostic Markers in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Nov 3;15(21):5271. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Vélez-Ixta JM, et al. Post Natal Microbial and Metabolite Transmission: The Path from Mother to Infant. Nutrients. 2024 Jun 22;16(13):1990. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Yu G, et al. MetOrigin: Discriminating the origins of microbial metabolites for integrative analysis of the gut microbiome and metabolome. Imeta. 2022 Mar 21;1(1):e10. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kramer DJ, et al. Microbial biotherapeutic metabolite alleviates liver injury by restoring hepatic lipid metabolism through PPARα across the gut-liver axis. mBio. 2025 Sep 10;16(9):e0171825. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Park SG, et al. The microbial metabolite imidazole propionate dysregulates bone homeostasis by inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Commun Biol. 2024 Dec 19;7(1):1644. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Yuille S, et al. Human gut bacteria as potent class I histone deacetylase inhibitors in vitro through production of butyric acid and valeric acid. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 27;13(7):e0201073. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Kim B, et al. Pathway-Based Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Microbiome Data from Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Cirrhosis Patients. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Sep 21;12(9):2705. [Content Brief]
- [9]. Lee H, et al. The Discovery of Gut Microbial Metabolites as Modulators of Host Susceptibility to Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2024 Jul 16;52(8):754-764. [Content Brief]
- [10]. Wang WL, et al. Application of metagenomics in the human gut microbiome. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jan 21;21(3):803-14. [Content Brief]
- [11]. Kingkaw A, et al. Analysis of the infant gut microbiome reveals metabolic functional roles associated with healthy infants and infants with atopic dermatitis using metaproteomics. PeerJ. 2020 Sep 25;8:e9988. [Content Brief]
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Microbial Metabolite Related Products (538)
Related Products (538)
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Rapamycin
0 ImagesSynonyms: Sirolimus; AY-22989; NSC 226080Rapamycin (Sirolimus; AY 22989) is a potent and specific blood-brain barrier-transmissible mTOR inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 nM in HEK293 cells. Rapamycin is a molecular glue that binds FKBP12 and mTOR proteins together, thereby inhibiting mTOR kinase activity. Rapamycin binds to FKBP12 and specifically acts as an allosteric inhibitor of mTORC1. Rapamycin is an autophagy activator, an immunosuppressant.
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Palmitic acid
0 ImagesPalmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. PA can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells. Palmitic acid is used to establish a cell steatosis model.
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L-Ascorbic acid
0 ImagesL-Ascorbic acid (L-Ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits anti-cancer effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and selective damage to cancer cells.
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Cholesterol (from animal)
0 ImagesCholesterol (from animal) is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol (from animal) plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol (from animal) is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.
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Biotin
0 ImagesBiotin, vitamin B7 and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis. Biotin is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.
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Bactofencin A acetate
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-P11187APurity: 99.26%Bactofencin A acetate is a class IId bacteriocin and Antibacterial agent. Bactofencin A acetate is produced by Lactobacillus salivarius DPC6502, an isolate derived from the intestine. Bactofencin A acetate exhibits activity against Staphylococcus and Listeria species. Bactofencin A acetate slightly modulates the intestinal flora. Bactofencin A acetate can be used in research related to staphylococcal infections, listerial infections, and mastitis.
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RES-701-3 peptide TFA
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-P11751ARES-701-3 peptide TFA is a class II lasso peptide. RES-701-3 peptide TFA can be isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces species. RES-701-3 peptide TFA potently inhibits the binding of ET-1 to ETB, with an IC50 of approximately 5-10 nM. RES-701-3 peptide TFA is applicable to research related to systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia.
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TPI-2
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N19111CAS No.: 110675-11-1TPI-2 is a metabolite found in the fungus Exophiala sp. TPI-2 induces increased glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive differentiated skeletal muscle cells, with dose-dependent activity. TPI-2 can be used in diabetes-related research.
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Cytarabine
0 ImagesSynonyms: Cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside; Cytosine Arabinoside; Ara-CCytarabine, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine has antiviral effects against HSV. Cytarabine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
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Norepinephrine
0 ImagesNorepinephrine (Levarterenol; L-Noradrenaline) is a potent adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist. Norepinephrine activates α1, α2, β1 receptors.
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Melatonin
0 ImagesMelatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activate melatonin receptor and inhibit PANoptosis. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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D-Glucose
0 ImagesD-Glucose is the naturally occurring form of glucose and the most abundant monosaccharide. D-Glucose is a critical components of the general metabolism, and serve as critical signaling molecules in relation to both cellular metabolic status and biotic or abiotic stress response.
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Spermidine
0 ImagesSpermidine maintains cell membrane stability, increases antioxidant enzymes activities, improving photosystem II (PSII), and relevant gene expression. Spermidine significantly decreases the H2O2 and O2.- contents.
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L-Glutamic acid
0 ImagesL-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases. L-Glutamic acid acts at ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors.
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Adenosine
0 ImagesAdenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous and BBB-permeable endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
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L-Arginine
0 ImagesL-Arginine ((S)-(+)-Arginine) is the substrate for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate NO. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells by the cationic amino acid transporter family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is a potent vasodilator, and can be used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.
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Folic acid
0 ImagesFolic acid (Vitamin B9) is a orally active essential nutrient from the B complex group of vitamins. Folic acid shows antidepressant-like effect. Folic acid sodium reduces the risk of neonatal neural tube defects. Folic acid can be used to the research of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias due to folic deficiency.
