Immunology

Immunology is a core branch of life sciences that studies the body’s recognition of “self” versus “non-self”, defense against pathogenic invasion, and clearance of abnormal cells such as tumor cells. Its theoretical system spans multiple dimensions, ranging from macroscopic antiinfective immune responses to microscopic lymphocyte receptor gene rearrangement and sophisticated intracellular signal transduction, rendering it one of the most pivotal pillar disciplines of modern biomedicine.

The immune system is organically composed of immune organs, immune cells and immuneactive substances. Among them, immune cells serve as the core functional mediators of immune effects. Based on response patterns, immune cells are categorized into two major groups: innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells:

1.Innate immunity: It constitutes the first barrier of host immune defense. Mediated by macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells and others, it triggers rapid nonspecific immune responses and acts as the main force for early host resistance against pathogenic invasion.

2.Adaptive immunity: Centered on T cells and B cells, it leverages the V(D)J recombination mechanism of antigen receptor genes to generate an extremely diverse antigen receptor repertoire, endowing the host with highspecificity recognition of target antigens.

Immune cells express characteristic surface markers throughout their development, differentiation and activation. These molecules possess two core functions: first, they act as critical phenotypic references for identifying cell subsets, judging differentiation stages and evaluating activation status; second, they directly mediate signal reception and intercellular crosstalk to regulate the effector functions of immune cells.

In innate immunity, macrophages and dendritic cells recognize danger signals via patternrecognition receptors to initiate early defense and bridge adaptive immunity through antigen presentation. NK cells exert cytotoxic killing against infected and tumor target cells without prior sensitization. In adaptive immunity, T cells differentiate into functional subsets including helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, which are responsible for immune microenvironment modulation and specific targetcell elimination respectively. Upon activation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies, or into memory B cells to establish longterm immune memory. Through mutual synergy and negative regulation, diverse immune cells collectively maintain core physiological functions such as antiinfection, antitumor immunity and immune tolerance. Disruption of this functional homeostasis will directly lead to a spectrum of pathological alterations, including persistent infection, autoimmune diseases and tumor immune escape.

 

Human PBMC Immune Cell Subset Classification^[1]

MCE Validated Dataset

  

Customer Validated Data

1.HY-P80609  CD86 Antibody  Usage Cited in: Cell Signal. 2025 Oct:134:111922.	2.HY-P80725  iNOS Antibody Usage Cited in: J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Mar 21;23(1):229.

3. HY-P80484  alpha smooth muscle Actin Antibody (YA627)  Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Mar 31:e15505.	4.HY-P80665  F4/80 Antibody (YA002) Usage Cited in: iMetaMed. 2025 Oct 21.

Related Antibody Recommendation

Type	Name	Host	Reactivity	Application
Macrophages	HY-P84267 CD68 Antibody (YA3964)	Mouse	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC, ELISA
	HY-P80609 CD86 Antibody	Rabbit	Human, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, FC
	HY-P86099 CD163 Antibody (YA5791)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, ELISA
	HY-P86350 CD206 Antibody (YA6042)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, ELISA
	HY-P80725 iNOS Antibody	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, ICC/IF
	HY-P86309 CD11b Antibody (YA6001)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, ELISA
	HY-P81096 CD14 Antibody	Rabbit	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF
T cells	HY-P86568 CD3 epsilon Antibody (YA6260)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, ELISA
	HY-P80055 CD4 Antibody (YA537)	Rabbit	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC, IF-Tissue, mIHC
	HY-P86616 CD8 alpha Antibody (YA6308)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, ELISA
	HY-P81347 CD28 Antibody (YA1092)	Rabbit	Human	IHC-P
	HY-P80678 FOXP3 Antibody (YA759)	Mouse	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, mIHC
B cells	HY-P80446 CD19 Antibody (YA543)	Rabbit	Human	WB, ICC/IF, IHC-P, FC
	HY-P81558 CD20 Antibody (YA1303)	Rabbit	Human	WB, IHC-P, FC
	HY-P84169 CD22 Antibody (YA3866)	Mouse	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC, ELISA
	HY-P80056 CD40 Antibody (YA805)	Mouse	Human	WB, ICC/IF, IHC-P
	HY-P81562 CD21 Antibody (YA1307)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, FC, IF-Tissue
	HY-P81383 CD79b Antibody (YA1128)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, FC
NK cells	HY-P87214 NK1.1 Antibody (YA6902)	Rabbit	Mouse	FC
	HY-P83362 Integrin alpha 2 Antibody (YA3107)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, FC
	HY-P84083 CD56 Antibody (YA3780)	Mouse	Human, Mouse, Monkey	WB, IHC-P, FC, ELISA
	HY-P81202 CD16 Antibody	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, ELISA, IHC-P, IHC-F, FC, ICC/IF
Dendritic cells (DCs)	HY-P83653 CD11c Antibody (YA3389)	Rabbit	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP
	HY-P83528 HLA-DPB1 Antibody (YA3273)	Rabbit	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP
Granulocytes	HY-P86414 Ly6g Antibody (YA6106)	Rabbit	Mouse	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, ELISA
	HY-P81508 CD13 Antibody (YA1253)	Rabbit	Human	IHC-P
Vascular endothelial cells	HY-P84129 CD31 Antibody (YA3826)	Mouse	Human	IHC-P, ICC/IF, ELISA
Immune checkpoints	HY-P81169A PD-1 Antibody(YA3401)	Mouse	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC
	HY-P86684 PD-L1 Antibody (YA6376)	Rabbit	Human	WB, IHC-P, IHC-F, IF-Tissue, ICC/IF
	HY-P81075 CTLA4 Antibody (YA3503)	Rabbit	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB, ICC/IF
	HY-P84145 CD223/LAG-3 Antibody (YA3842)	Mouse	Human	WB, FC, ELISA
	HY-P81703 TIM3 Antibody (YA1448)	Mouse	Human	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC