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Fructose  (Synonyms: beta-D-Fructopyranose)

Cat. No.: HY-N0395 Purity: 99.92%
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Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

CAS No. : 7660-25-5

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10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Fructose:

Fructose Related Antibodies

Top Publications Citing Use of Products
In Vivo Efficacy Study
Histological Imaging/Staining
WB

    Fructose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Oct 5:956:175942.  [Abstract]

    Fructose (HFD, 5% g/v in drinking water, 6 weeks). The average food intake and water intake of mice in different groups.

    Fructose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Oct 5:956:175942.  [Abstract]

    Fructose (HFD, 5% g/v in drinking water, 6 weeks). The total body weight of mice in different groups.

    Fructose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Oct 5:956:175942.  [Abstract]

    Fructose (HFD, 5% g/v in drinking water, 6 weeks). OGTT in mice after starving overnight and the areas under the glucose curve.

    Fructose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Oct 5:956:175942.  [Abstract]

    Fructose (HFD, 5% g/v in drinking water, 6 weeks). Representative H&E-stained micrographs of subcutaneous WAT histopathology. Scale bar = 100 μm.

    Fructose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Oct 5:956:175942.  [Abstract]

    Fructose (HFD, 5% g/v in drinking water, 6 weeks). Expression levels of C/EBPβ, PPARγ and C/EBPα in subcutaneous WAT.

    • Biological Activity

    • Protocol

    • Purity & Documentation

    • References

    • Customer Review

    Description

    Fructose is a simple ketonic monosaccharide found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

    In Vitro

    Fructose, at low concentrations do not cause any significant increase of Tissue factor (TF)-mRNA levels. On the contrary, higher Fructose concentrations cause increase in TF mRNA levels at 60 min, as compare to unstimulated cells. Increasing Fructose concentrations causes significant decrease of tPA-mRNA levels. SOD significantly prevents Fructose induced NF-κB activation which is associated with the parallel reduction of Fructose-induced TF expression/activity[1].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Fructose Related Antibodies
    In Vivo

    Note:
    Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

    Fructose can be used in animal modeling to create rat models of hyperuricemia and diabetes. In mice fed a 0% Fructose diet, portal vein (0.060±0.006 mM, overall average across all time points) and systemic (0.030±0.003 mM) Fructose concentrations do not change over time after feeding. In contrast, in wild-type mice, the portal vein concentration more than doubles from time (t)=0 to t=1 hour post-feeding (~0.13 mM). Similarly, systemic serum Fructose increases from 0.037 at t=0 to 0.13 mM one hour post-feeding. In the 20% group, fasting (t=0) serum Fructose levels in the portal vein and systemically are similar to the postprandial concentrations in 0% mice, suggesting that baseline Fructose concentrations during fasting are not affected by diet. At the same dietary conditions, time, and sampling site, serum Fructose concentrations in KHK-/- mice are 5 to 100 times higher than in wild-type mice. The mean (across all time points) portal vein and systemic glucose concentrations in mice fed 20% Fructose are approximately 3 (P=0.004) and 2 (P=0.04) mM higher, respectively, compared to mice fed 0% Fructose. Systemic Fructose concentrations in KHK-/- mice fed 20% Fructose are about three times higher than in mice fed glucose, whereas systemic Fructose concentrations in wild-type mice fed Fructose are similar to those fed glucose[2].

    Induces high uric acid[3]
    Background
    Fructose accelerates the synthesis of purines, increases the production of uric acid, reduces the excretion of uric acid by affecting kidney function, and also produces a large amount of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, activating inflammatory signaling pathways and promoting uric acid production.
    Specific Modeling Methods
    Mice: ICR male mice • 18-22 g
    Administration: 30% Fructose in drinking water • intragastrically • for six weeks
    Note
    (1) Mice were placed in a temperature and humidity controlled environment with a 12 h light-dark cycle[3].
    (2) Fresh drinking water was replaced every 2 days[3].
    (3) 24 h urine volume was collected and recorded[3].
    Modeling Indicators
    Molecular changes: mouse renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) increased protein levels, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) decreased protein levels, and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and OCT2 were downregulated. Increases protein levels of TLR4 and MyD88 in the kidneys. NLRP3 inflammasome is activated and IL-1β secretion is increased[3].
    Tissue changes: Infiltration of inflammatory cells in mouse glomeruli[3].
    Metabolic changes: Increase serum uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen levels, reduce urine uric acid and creatinine levels (FEUA is significantly reduced)[3].

    Induces type 2 diabetes[4]
    Background
    Fructose's metabolites induce insulin resistance, and the reactive oxygen species produced lead to oxidative stress, activate inflammatory responses and affect the action of insulin. Fructose is rapidly metabolized in the liver, resulting in excess production, leading to obesity and hyperlipidemia.
    Specific Modeling Methods
    Rat: Male Sprague Dawley rats • 200-250 g
    Administration: 65% fructose • oral administration • 8 weeks of feeding
    Note
    (1) At 3 and 8 weeks, blood was collected from the retroorbital plexus using small capillary tubes and serum was collected for biochemical analysis[4].
    Modeling Indicators
    Molecular changes: Serum glucose, insulin, triglyceride, uric acid levels and insulin resistance were significantly increased. TBARS in liver tissue increased and GSH levels decreased[4].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    Clinical Trial
    Molecular Weight

    180.16

    Formula

    C6H12O6
    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    White to off-white

    SMILES

    O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@](O)(CO)OC1
    Structure Classification
    Initial Source
    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
    Storage
    Powder -20°C 3 years
    4°C 2 years
    In solvent -80°C 2 years
    -20°C 1 year
    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    H2O : 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM; Need ultrasonic)

    DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    *"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL
    5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

    Mass
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    Molecular Weight *

    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

    Concentration (start)

    C1

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    Volume (start)

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    In Vivo:

    Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

    For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
    To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

      Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

      Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution

      This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

      Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

      Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

    For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

      Solubility: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

    Animal weight
    (per animal)

    g

    Dosing volume
    (per animal)

    μL

    Number of animals

    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
    The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: 99.92%

    SDS (396 KB)

    COA (251 KB) HNMR (243 KB) RP-HPLC (201 KB)

    Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
    References
    Cell Assay
    [1]

    HUVECs are incubated with Fructose (0.25, 1 and 2.5 mM) for 30 min. Then, cells are washed with PBS and then fresh medium is added. Total mRNA is extracted by cell cultures using TRIzol reagent, at baseline and 60 min after Fructose stimulation and Tissue factor (TF) mRNA levels are examined by realtime reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In positive control experiments, HUVECs are incubated with LPS (50 μg/mL), for 30 min and then mRNA is extracted at 60 min[1].

    MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    Animal Administration
    [2]

    50 young adult (7-wk-old) male C57BL6 wild-type mice (~18 g) are divided into 10 cages and acclimatized to a reversed light cycle. Mice are fed a nonpurified commercial diet ad libitum for the first 4 days. On the 5th day and then throughout the experiment, diets are removed at 2001 (lights on) and returned at 0801 (lights off). For days 8 to 14, diets are switched to pellets containing either 0% Fructose, 10% sucrose, 20% glucose (termed as "0% Fructose") or 20% Fructose, 10% sucrose, or 0% glucose (20% Fructose). On the 15th day, mice are killed at 0800 before feeding and 0900, 1030, 1200, and 1530 during the dark phase, with n=5 for each time point and diet[2].

    MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
    Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    H2O / DMSO 1 mM 5.5506 mL 27.7531 mL 55.5062 mL 138.7655 mL
    5 mM 1.1101 mL 5.5506 mL 11.1012 mL 27.7531 mL
    10 mM 0.5551 mL 2.7753 mL 5.5506 mL 13.8766 mL
    15 mM 0.3700 mL 1.8502 mL 3.7004 mL 9.2510 mL
    20 mM 0.2775 mL 1.3877 mL 2.7753 mL 6.9383 mL
    25 mM 0.2220 mL 1.1101 mL 2.2202 mL 5.5506 mL
    30 mM 0.1850 mL 0.9251 mL 1.8502 mL 4.6255 mL
    40 mM 0.1388 mL 0.6938 mL 1.3877 mL 3.4691 mL
    50 mM 0.1110 mL 0.5551 mL 1.1101 mL 2.7753 mL
    60 mM 0.0925 mL 0.4626 mL 0.9251 mL 2.3128 mL
    80 mM 0.0694 mL 0.3469 mL 0.6938 mL 1.7346 mL
    100 mM 0.0555 mL 0.2775 mL 0.5551 mL 1.3877 mL

    * Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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    Fructose Related Classifications

    Help & FAQs
    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

    Keywords:

    Fructose7660-25-5beta-D-FructopyranoseOthersInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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