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  2. PPAR Reactive Oxygen Species STAT NF-κB Apoptosis
  3. Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Astaxanthin Chemical Structure

Astaxanthin Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 472-61-7

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Customer Review

Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Top Publications Citing Use of Products

    Astaxanthin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Biol Med. 2023 Jan 23;15353702221147568.  [Abstract]

    Astaxanthin (ASTA) decreases levels of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in MLE-12 cells, which reveals that ASTA prevents apoptosis stimulated by LPS in MLE-12 cells.

    Astaxanthin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Exp Biol Med. 2023 Jan 23;15353702221147568.  [Abstract]

    Astaxanthin (ASTA) inhibits apoptosis by targeting NF-κB signal pathway in MLE-12 cells.

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    • Biological Activity

    • Purity & Documentation

    • References

    • Customer Review

    Description

    Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed[1][2][3][4][5].

    IC50 & Target[1][2][3][4]

    PPARγ

     

    STAT3

     

    In Vitro

    Astaxanthin (50, 100, 150, 200 μM; 48 h) inhibits the proliferation of DU145 cells (IC50<200 μM)[1].
    Astaxanthin (200 μM; 24 h) reduces the expression of STAT3 and the related pathway proteins (at both protein and mRNA levels) by inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis and weakening migration and invasion[1]
    Astaxanthin protects RPE cells from abnormal activation and oxidative stress (induced by high glucose) by down-regulating VEGF in high glucose at protein levels[2].
    Astaxanthin (1-50 μM; 72 h) upregulates protein expression of PPARγ in time- and dose-dependent manners in K562 cells[3].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Apoptosis Analysis[1]

    Cell Line: DU145 cells
    Concentration: 200 µM (pre-incubation)
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Increased the percentage of apoptotic cells from 8.5% to 13.1% (compared to blank control).

    Cell Migration Assay [1]

    Cell Line: DU145 cells
    Concentration: 200 µM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Decreased the migration and invasion of DU145 cells (about 41% of cells could not pass from one chamber to another, and 36% cells could not pass through the transwell membrane as compared to the control group).

    Cell Proliferation Assay[2]

    Cell Line: ARPE-19 cells
    Concentration: 50 µM (pre-incubation)
    Incubation Time: 7 days
    Result: Significantly decreased cell proliferation exposed to high glucose.

    Western Blot Analysis[1]

    Cell Line: DU145 cells
    Concentration: 200 µM
    Incubation Time: 24 h
    Result: Reduced the expression of STAT3 at both protein and mRNA levels (downregulated the protein expression of JAK2, BCL-2 and NF-κB and upregulated the protein expression of BAX, Caspase3 and Caspase9).

    Western Blot Analysis[3]

    Cell Line: K562 cells
    Concentration: 1-50 µM
    Incubation Time: 72 h
    Result: Significantly promoted PPARγ protein expression in time- and dose-dependent manners.
    In Vivo

    Astaxanthin (200 mg/kg; intragastric administration; once daily for 3 weeks) inhibits the growth of DU145 tumor xenografts in nude mice[1].
    Astaxanthin (125 or 500 mg/kg; in animal feedings; 7 days) provides significant cardioprotection and reduces oxidative stress in rats[4].

    MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

    Animal Model: Nude mice (approximately 20 g; DU145 tumor xenografts model)[1].
    Dosage: 200 mg/kg
    Administration: Intragastric administration; once daily for 3 weeks.
    Result: Exerted a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth.
    Animal Model: Female C57BL/6 mice (7 weeks old)[4].
    Dosage: 125 or 500 mg/kg
    Administration: In animal feedings; 7 days.
    Result: Significantly reduced mean infarct size in the two treated groups (125 and 500 mg/kg) to 45.1% and 39.1%, respectively.
    Exhibited myocardial salvage of 26 and 36% for 125 and 500 mg/kg groups, respectively.
    Significantl reduced level of 9-HETE in a dose-dependent manner. 9-HETE is a regioisomer oxidation product of arachidonic acid believed to be a product of free radical-mediated oxidation.
    Clinical Trial
    Molecular Weight

    596.84

    Formula

    C40H52O4

    CAS No.
    Appearance

    Solid

    Color

    Dark purple to black

    SMILES

    CC(/C=C/C(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C1=O)C)=C1C)=C\C=C\C(C)=C\C=C\C=C(C)\C=C\C=C(C)\C=C\C(C(C)(C[C@H](O)C2=O)C)=C2C

    Structure Classification
    Initial Source

    Haematococcus pluvialis

    Shipping

    Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

    Storage

    -20°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen

    *The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.

    Solvent & Solubility
    In Vitro: 

    DMSO : 2 mg/mL (3.35 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

    Acetone : < 1 mg/mL (insoluble)

    *Astaxanthin is usually formulated as a suspension.

    Preparing
    Stock Solutions
    Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
    1 mM 1.6755 mL 8.3775 mL 16.7549 mL
    5 mM --- --- ---
    View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.

    • Molarity Calculator

    • Dilution Calculator

    Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

    Mass
    =
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    Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

    This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

    Concentration (start)

    C1

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    Volume (start)

    V1

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    C2

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    In Vivo:

    For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
    The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

    • Protocol 1

      Add each solvent one by one:  0.5% CMC-Na/saline water

      Solubility: 3.33 mg/mL (5.58 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming

    • Protocol 2

      Add each solvent one by one:  20% HP-β-CD in Saline

      Solubility: 3.33 mg/mL (5.58 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic and warming

    In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
    Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

    Dosage

    mg/kg

    Animal weight
    (per animal)

    g

    Dosing volume
    (per animal)

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    Number of animals

    Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
    Calculation results:
    Working solution concentration: mg/mL
    Purity & Documentation

    Purity: ≥98.0%

    References

    Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

    * Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. The compound is unstable in solutions, freshly prepared is recommended.

    Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
    DMSO 1 mM 1.6755 mL 8.3775 mL 16.7549 mL 41.8873 mL
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    Help & FAQs
    • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

      Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

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