Cat. No.: HY-50935

Troglitazone

(Synonyms: CS-045)

33 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 33 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Troglitazone is an orally active PPARγ agonist, with EC₅₀s of 550 nM and 780 nM for human and murine PPARγ receptor, respectively. Troglitazone has anticancer activity, prevents and inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.78%
CAS No.: 97322-87-7
Formula: C₂₄H₂₇NO₅S
Molecular Weight:441.54

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years ; In solvent -80°C, 1 year , -20°C, 6 months

Troglitazone Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 97322-87-7

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Fluorescent Dye

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (33)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Protocol
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

PPARγ

550 nM (EC₅₀, Human PPARγ)

All PPAR Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
3T3-L1	EC₅₀	1 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Agonist activity at PPARgamma in mouse 3T3L1 cells Agonist activity at PPARgamma in mouse 3T3L1 cells	[PMID: 21493073]
3T3-L1	EC₅₀	1.3 x 10^-7M Compound: Troglitazone	Effective concentration for 50% enhancement of insulin-induced triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells Effective concentration for 50% enhancement of insulin-induced triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells	[PMID: 9599241]
A549	GI₅₀	15 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Inhibition of human lung cancer cell line (A549) by 50% in sulforhodamine B assay Inhibition of human lung cancer cell line (A549) by 50% in sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 15454234]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.44 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells co-transfected with pGL3-PPRE3-TK-luc assessed as transactivation after 24 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells co-transfected with pGL3-PPRE3-TK-luc assessed as transactivation after 24 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 22342624]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.44 μM Compound: troglitazone	Agonist activity at human recombinant PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells cotransfected with pGL3-PPRE3-TK-luc reporter assessed as beta-galactosidase activity at after 24 hrs by luciferase based transactivation assay Agonist activity at human recombinant PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells cotransfected with pGL3-PPRE3-TK-luc reporter assessed as beta-galactosidase activity at after 24 hrs by luciferase based transactivation assay	[PMID: 22424300]
CV-1	EC₅₀	0.4 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Transactivation of human PPARgamma expressed in african green monkey CV1 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of human PPARgamma expressed in african green monkey CV1 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 22579420]
HCT-15	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Tgz	Antitumor activity against human HCT15 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 1 day by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human HCT15 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 1 day by MTT assay	[PMID: 22081932]
HCT-15	IC₅₀	50.9 μM Compound: Tgz	Antitumor activity against human HCT15 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 2 days by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human HCT15 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 2 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 22081932]
HEK293	EC₅₀	0.4 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Activation of PPARgamma transfected in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene-based luminescence assay relative to control Activation of PPARgamma transfected in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by firefly luciferase reporter gene-based luminescence assay relative to control	[PMID: 21800856]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	4.5 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HEK-293T	IC₅₀	61 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis Inhibition of mouse Ido1 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis	[PMID: 23122865]
HepG2	EC₅₀	0.72 μM Compound: TGZ	Transactivation of GAL4-fused PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in human HepG2 cells after 20 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in human HepG2 cells after 20 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	[PMID: 23031596]
HepG2	EC₅₀	0.73 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Transactivation of GAL4-fused PPARgamma LBD expressed in HepG2 cells after 20 hrs by luminescence assay Transactivation of GAL4-fused PPARgamma LBD expressed in HepG2 cells after 20 hrs by luminescence assay	[PMID: 22381047]
HepG2	EC₅₀	31.6 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Activation of human PXR expressed in human HepG2 (DPX-2) cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis Activation of human PXR expressed in human HepG2 (DPX-2) cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescent analysis	[PMID: 20966043]
HepG2	EC₅₀	6.9 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Activation of human PXR expressed in human HepG2 (DPX-2) cells assessed as induction of CYP3A4 after 24 hrs by luminescent analysis Activation of human PXR expressed in human HepG2 (DPX-2) cells assessed as induction of CYP3A4 after 24 hrs by luminescent analysis	[PMID: 20966043]
Hs-578T	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: TGZ	Antiproliferative activity against human Hs578T cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human Hs578T cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay	[PMID: 31838327]
HT-29	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Tgz	Antitumor activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 1 day by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 1 day by MTT assay	[PMID: 22081932]
HT-29	IC₅₀	50 μM Compound: Tgz	Antitumor activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 2 days by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human HT-29 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 2 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 22081932]
LNCaP	IC₅₀	22 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human LNCAP cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 22546208]
LoVo	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: Tgz	Antitumor activity against human LoVo cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 1 day by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human LoVo cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 1 day by MTT assay	[PMID: 22081932]
LoVo	IC₅₀	65 μM Compound: Tgz	Antitumor activity against human LoVo cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 2 days by MTT assay Antitumor activity against human LoVo cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation after 2 days by MTT assay	[PMID: 22081932]
MCF7	IC₅₀	35.4 μM Compound: TGZ	Antiproliferative activity hormone-dependent human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by luminescent cell viability assay Antiproliferative activity hormone-dependent human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 22409968]
MCF7	IC₅₀	74.3 μM Compound: TGZ	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay	[PMID: 31838327]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	15.7 μM Compound: TGZ	Antiproliferative activity hormone-independent human MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs by luminescent cell viability assay Antiproliferative activity hormone-independent human MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs by luminescent cell viability assay	[PMID: 22409968]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	45.5 μM Compound: TGZ	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay	[PMID: 31838327]
MDA-MB-453	IC₅₀	67.1 μM Compound: TGZ	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-453 cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-453 cells in 10% FCS by crystal violet staining based assay	[PMID: 31838327]
Mesenchymal stem cells	EC₅₀	0.1 μM Compound: Tro	Induction of adiponectin synthesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells measured after 5 days in the presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA Induction of adiponectin synthesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells measured after 5 days in the presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA	[PMID: 34922307]
PC-12	IC₅₀	15 μM Compound: 1a, Tro	Concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell proliferation in PC12 cells using sulforhodamine B assay Concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell proliferation in PC12 cells using sulforhodamine B assay	[PMID: 15109648]
PC-3	IC₅₀	30 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 22546208]
Sf21	IC₅₀	10.6 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]
Sf21	IC₅₀	2.7 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	[PMID: 21965623]
Ventricular myocyte	IC₅₀	9.5 μM Compound: Troglitazone	Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using whole-cell patch clamp in rat ventricular myocytes Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using whole-cell patch clamp in rat ventricular myocytes	[PMID: 22761000]

In Vitro

Troglitazone (2-200 μM, 24 h) is cytotoxic to the pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA Paca2 and PANC-1 cells), with IC₅₀s of 49.9±1.2 and 51.3±5.3 μM, respectively^[2].
Troglitazone (50 μM, 24 h) increases chromatin condensation in MIA Paca2 and PANC-1 cells, enhances the activity of caspase-3 and decreases Bcl-2 expression^[2].
Troglitazone (0-4 μM, 12 h) sensitizes TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549, HCC-15 and Calu-3)^[3].
Troglitazone (0-4 μM, 12 h) induces autophagy and sensitized apoptosis mediated by TRAIL in A549 cells^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Troglitazone (200 mg/kg, p.o., every day for 5 weeks) shows inhibitory effects on the growth of tumor in the MIA Paca2 xenograft model^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 97322-87-7
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 441.54
Formula C₂₄H₂₇NO₅S
Color White to off-white
SMILES

O=C(SC1CC(C=C2)=CC=C2OCC3(C)OC(C(CC3)=C4C)=C(C)C(C)=C4O)NC1=O
Synonyms

CS-045
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
In solvent	-80°C	1 year
	-20°C	6 months

Publications (33)

All Histological Imaging/StainingCell Proliferation/Viability AssayELISACell Imaging/StainingFlow CytometryWB

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Journal Impact Factor

Cell Metab

Ultrasensitive sensors reveal the spatiotemporal landscape of lactate metabolism in physiology and disease. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 3;35(1):200-211.e9. PMID: 36309010
Adv Mater

Fluoropolymer-Mediated Delivery of a Dual TSHR/IGF1R-Targeting CRISPR-Cas9 System for Localized Therapy in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. [Abstract]

2026 Feb;38(11):e11078. PMID: 41486850
Nat Commun

Lymphatic-derived oxysterols promote anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy in melanoma. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 31;16(1):1217. PMID: 39890772

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Jan 31;16(1):1217. [Abstract]

BMDM treated with the PPAR-γ agonist Troglitazone (50 μM, 48 h) significantly inhibited 25-HC ability to prevent the induction of “M2-like” BMDM by the TCM.
Acta Pharm Sin B

Generation and applications of an expandable and mature hiPSC-derived liver organoid. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;15(12):6382-6398. PMID: 41477334
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Targeted SPP1 Inhibition of Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells Effectively Decreases Tumor Sizes. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 5:e2410360. PMID: 39639496
Nucleic Acids Res

PPARG-centric transcriptional re-wiring during differentiation of human trophoblast stem cells into extravillous trophoblasts. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 19;53(14):gkaf669. PMID: 40705926
Cancer Lett

Metabolic gatekeeper ACAD9 coordinates linoleic acid metabolism and redox homeostasis via mitochondrial complex I to drive ovarian cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 10:630:217903. PMID: 40618880
Biomater Res

Distinct Roles of Matrigel Enabled the Production of Expandable Hepatoblast and Polarized Hepatocyte Organoids from Human Embryonic Stem Cells under 3-Dimensional Suspension Conditions. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 7:29:0280. PMID: 41209312

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomater Res. 2025 Nov 7:29:0280. [Abstract]

Dose-dependent toxicity curves of Troglitazone (0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 μM) showing cell viabilities among P-hep-orgs, NP-hep-spheres, and HepG2-3D 48 h after the treatment.

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomater Res. 2025 Nov 7:29:0280. [Abstract]

Compared to controls, significant reduction in CDF fluorescence were observed in P-hep-orgs treated with Troglitazone.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Chaperone-mediated autophagy is involved in the execution of ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2019 Feb 19;116(8):2996-3005. PMID: 30718432

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Feb 19;116(8):2996-3005. [Abstract]

HT22 cells were pretreated with the indicated inhibitors and then treated with T/Z, T/S/Z, T/C/Z for 9 h or Glutamate, Erastin (T: 20 ng/ml; Z: 50 μM; S: 20 nM; C: 1 μg/ml; Glutamate: 50 mM; Erastin 10 μM) for 12 h. Cell viability was measured by CellTiterGlo assay. Troglitazone inhibited ferroptosis but not necroptosis.

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Feb 19;116(8):2996-3005. [Abstract]

HT22 cells were pretreated with the indicated inhibitors (CDDO (Bardoxolone, HY-14909); T0070907 (HY-13202); Troglitazone (HY-50935 ); TPCA-1 (HY-10074); JAKi; STAT3i; AV-412 (HY-10346); and MK2206 (HY-10358)) and then treated with T/Z, T/S/Z, T/C/Z for 9 h or Glutamate, Erastin (T: 20 ng/ml; Z: 50 μM; S: 20 nM; C: 1 μg/ml; Glutamate: 50 mM; Erastin 10 μM) for 12 h. Cell viability was measured by CellTiterGlo assay.
Phytomedicine

Network-guided discovery of Zeqi Decoction as a PPARγ-targeted therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 16:150:157717. PMID: 41447837
ACS Environ Au

Machine Learning-Assisted Recognition of Environmental Sulfur-Containing Chemicals in Nontargeted Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Inadequate Mass Resolution. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 5;5(6):573-582. PMID: 41277996
Cell Rep

Tonic type 2 immunity is a critical tissue checkpoint controlling autoimmunity in the skin. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 18;43(7):114364. PMID: 38900635

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Rep. 2024 Jun 18;43(7):114364. [Abstract]

Human skin explants were cultured under indicated conditions in the presence or absence of GW3965 or Troglitazone (100 μM) for 48 h. Representative histological images of skin explants.

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Rep. 2024 Jun 18;43(7):114364. [Abstract]

Human skin explants were cultured under indicated conditions in the presence or absence of GW3965 or Troglitazone (0, 10, 100 μM) for 48 h. Culture supernatant IL-17A was measured by ELISA.
Cell Rep

MTHFD2 reprograms macrophage polarization by inhibiting PTEN. [Abstract]

2023 May 5;42(5):112481. PMID: 37149861
Anal Chem

Exposome-Scale Investigation of Cl-/Br-Containing Chemicals Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Multistage Machine Learning, and Cloud Computing. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 3;97(21):11099-11109. PMID: 40401576
Antioxidants (Basel)

Docosahexaenoic Acid Alleviates Palmitic Acid-Induced Inflammation of Macrophages via TLR22-MAPK-PPARγ/Nrf2 Pathway in Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea). [Abstract]

2022 Mar 31;11(4):682. PMID: 35453367
Front Immunol

PHACTR1, a coronary artery disease risk gene, mediates endothelial dysfunction. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 25;13:958677. PMID: 36091033
Liver Int

Targeting ferroptosis alleviates methionine-choline deficient (MCD)-diet induced NASH by suppressing liver lipotoxicity. [Abstract]

2020 Jun;40(6):1378-1394. PMID: 32145145
Int J Mol Sci

Metformin Inhibits Lipid Droplets Fusion and Growth via Reduction in Cidec and Its Regulatory Factors in Rat Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. [Abstract]

2022 May 26;23(11):5986. PMID: 35682666
Front Bioeng Biotechnol

Application of 3D Hepatic Plate-Like Liver Model for Statin-Induced Hepatotoxicity Evaluation. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 17;10:826093. PMID: 35372314
J Poult Sci

Fatty acids modulate the expression of pyruvate kinase and arachidonate-lipoxygenase through PPARγ/CYP2C45 pathway: a link to goose fatty liver. [Abstract]

2019 Oct 1;98(10):4346-4358. PMID: 31287882
J Cell Physiol

BKCa channel participates in insulin-induced lipid deposition in adipocytes by increasing intracellular calcium. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;236(8):5818-5831. PMID: 33432604
Drug Metab Dispos

Impairment of Intestinal Monocarboxylate Transporter 6 Function and Expression in Diabetic Rats Induced by Combination of High-Fat Diet and Low Dose of Streptozocin: Involvement of Butyrate-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor- γ Activation. [Abstract]

2019 Jun;47(6):556-566. PMID: 30923035
Biotechnol Bioeng

An integrated biomimetic array chip for establishment of collagen-based 3D primary human hepatocyte model for prediction of clinical drug-induced liver injury. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;118(12):4687-4698. PMID: 34478150
Breast Cancer Res Treat

Pro-apoptotic effect of Δ2-TGZ in "claudin-1-low" triple-negative breast cancer cells: involvement of claudin-1. [Abstract]

2017 Oct;165(3):517-527. PMID: 28681173

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017 Oct;165(3):517-527. [Abstract]

MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T TNBC ‘‘claudin-1-low’’ cells, and the non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A are treated with 20 μM of Troglitazone(TGZ), RGZ, D2-TGZ, or DMSO (Ctrl) for 24 h and subjected to western blot analysis with claudin-1 (CLDN1) antibody. α-tubulin is used as loading control.
Toxicol Lett

Design and optimization of the cocktail assay for rapid assessment of the activity of UGT enzymes in human and rat liver microsomes. [Abstract]

2018 Oct 1:295:379-389. PMID: 30036684
Yonsei Med J

Inhibition of miR-128 Abates Aβ-Mediated Cytotoxicity by Targeting PPAR-γ via NF-κB Inactivation in Primary Mouse Cortical Neurons and Neuro2a Cells. [Abstract]

2018 Nov;59(9):1096-1106. PMID: 30328325

Troglitazone purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Yonsei Med J. 2018 Nov;59(9):1096-1106. [Abstract]

MCN and N2a cells are treated with Control (DMSO), Troglitazone (Tro; 20 µM), or GW9662 (10 µM) for 24 h, followed by detection of PPAR-γ protein level via Western blot assay.
Toxicol In Vitro

Clarify the potential cholestatic hepatotoxicity components from Chinese Herb Medicine and metabolism's role via hBSEP vesicles and S9/hBSEP vesicles. [Abstract]

2022 Apr:80:105324. PMID: 35101544
Toxicol Mech Methods

Evaluation of 3D re-cellularized tissue engineering: a drug-induced hepatotoxicity model for hepatoprotectant research. [Abstract]

2019 Nov;29(9):654-664. PMID: 31345115
PLoS One

PPARγ agonist alleviates calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by regulating mitochondrial dynamics in renal tubular epithelial cell. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 26;19(9):e0310947. PMID: 39325731
Clin Breast Cancer

Breast Cancer Stem Cells-derived Extracellular Vesicles Affect PPARG Expression by Delivering MicroRNA-197 in Breast Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;22(5):478-490. PMID: 35279406
Int J Stem Cells

Generation of Urothelial Cells from Mouse-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 30;15(4):347-358. PMID: 35769056
Biopharm Drug Dispos

Inhibition of canalicular and sinusoidal taurocholate efflux by cholestatic drugs in human hepatoma HepaRG cells. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;43(6):265-271. PMID: 36195987
Res Sq

2026 Mar 22.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 125 mg/mL (283.10 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

2.2648 mL

11.3240 mL

22.6480 mL

5 mM

0.4530 mL

2.2648 mL

4.5296 mL

10 mM

0.2265 mL

1.1324 mL

2.2648 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Dilution Calculator

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.71 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.71 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

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mg/kg
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
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The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Protocol

Cell Assay^[2]

Briefly, cells are seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells/well and incubated for 24 h. The cells are treated with Troglitazone in the presence or absence of other chemicals for a further 24 h using FBS-free medium. The assay utilizes the conversion of alamar blue reagent to fluorescent resorufin by metabolically active cells. The resorufin signal is measured at an excitation wavelength of 530 nm and an emission wavelength of 580 nm. The 50% growth inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) are calculated according to the sigmoid inhibitory effect model E = IC₅₀ γ/(IC₅₀ γ + Cγ), where E represents the surviving fraction (% of control), C represents the drug concentration in the medium, and γ represents the Hill coefficient. For co-exposure studies, the Troglitazone dosage is set to approximately the IC₅₀ value for each cell line^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Administration^[2]

Balb/c male mice (4 weeks old) are subcutaneously inoculated in the back with MIA Paca2 cells (5 × 10⁶ cells/100 μL in PBS) 14 days prior to starting Troglitazone administration. Mice are then orally administered 200 mg/kg Troglitazone in 0.5% methylcellulose solution or vehicle daily for 5 weeks. Tumor size is measured bi-dimensionally and the volume is calculated using the formula (length × width²) × 0.5. Body weights of mice are also monitored throughout the experiment^[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (277 KB)
SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
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- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Willson TM, et al. The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2000 Feb 24;43(4):527-50. [Content Brief]

[2]. Fujita M, et al. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of troglitazone in pancreatic cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Jul 3;36(1):91. [Content Brief]

[3]. Nazim UM, et al. PPARγ activation by troglitazone enhances human lung cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via autophagy flux. Oncotarget. 2017 Apr 18;8(16):26819-26831. [Content Brief]

[4]. Knowler WC, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes with troglitazone in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes. 2005 Apr;54(4):1150-6. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	2.2648 mL	11.3240 mL	22.6480 mL	56.6200 mL
	5 mM	0.4530 mL	2.2648 mL	4.5296 mL	11.3240 mL
	10 mM	0.2265 mL	1.1324 mL	2.2648 mL	5.6620 mL
	15 mM	0.1510 mL	0.7549 mL	1.5099 mL	3.7747 mL
	20 mM	0.1132 mL	0.5662 mL	1.1324 mL	2.8310 mL
	25 mM	0.0906 mL	0.4530 mL	0.9059 mL	2.2648 mL
	30 mM	0.0755 mL	0.3775 mL	0.7549 mL	1.8873 mL
	40 mM	0.0566 mL	0.2831 mL	0.5662 mL	1.4155 mL
	50 mM	0.0453 mL	0.2265 mL	0.4530 mL	1.1324 mL
	60 mM	0.0377 mL	0.1887 mL	0.3775 mL	0.9437 mL
	80 mM	0.0283 mL	0.1416 mL	0.2831 mL	0.7078 mL
	100 mM	0.0226 mL	0.1132 mL	0.2265 mL	0.5662 mL

Keywords

Troglitazone

33 Cited Publications

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Troglitazone

Anti-Infection Compound Library

Apoptosis Compound Library

Cell Cycle/DNA Damage Compound Library

Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library

Metabolism/Protease Compound Library

FDA-Approved Drug Library

Anti-Cancer Compound Library

Autophagy Compound Library

Anti-Aging Compound Library

Drug Repurposing Compound Library

Anti-diabetic Compound Library

Anti-Cardiovascular Disease Compound Library

Ferroptosis Compound Library

Anti-COVID-19 Compound Library

Orally Active Compound Library

FDA Approved & Pharmacopeial Drug Library

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Compound Library

Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Compound Library

Anti-Obesity Compound Library

Transcription Factor-Targeted Library

Lipid Metabolism Compound Library

Antidepressant Compound Library

FDA-Approved Anticancer Drug Library

Human Metabolite Library

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Cancer Stem Cells Compound Library

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Troglitazone

All PPAR Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (33)

Solvent & Solubility

Protocol

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Troglitazone Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-50935