Topics

Neuron-Astrocyte: a Unit of Brain Metabolic Coupling

Neuron-Astrocyte: A Unit of Brain Metabolic Coupling - astrocyte metabolic coupling describes the coordinated exchange of energy substrates and metabolic signals through which astrocytes adapt their metabolism to neuronal activity and support neuronal energetic requirements.

Microglia-Neuron Interactions Drive Cognitive-Metabolic Homeostasis

Microglia-neuron interactions describe reciprocal communication between brain-resident immune cells and neurons that supports neural-circuit organization, synaptic function, cognition, and tissue homeostasis.

Amylin: Energy Homeostasis and the Development of Novel Metabolic Drugs

Amylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide, emerged as a distinct pancreatic hormone in the late 1980s, when Betsholtz, Johnson, and Westermark proposed the name “amylin” for the islet amyloid-related peptide.

Fructose Metabolic Imbalance Drives the Risk of Multiple Diseases

Fructose metabolic imbalance refers to a state in which dietary or endogenously generated fructose flux exceeds the capacity of normal intestinal and systemic handling and disproportionately engages fructolysis, lipogenesis, and related stress pathways.

Brown Adipose Tissue Mirnas Mediate Inter-Organ Endocrine Regulation

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is not only a thermogenic tissue but also an endocrine organ that communicates with distant metabolic tissues through secreted factors, including extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs).

Macrophage Recycling Mechanisms in Immunometabolism

Macrophage recycling mechanisms in immunometabolism describe how macrophages process engulfed cellular material and redirect its metabolites into pathways that control subsequent immune and metabolic functions.

Immunometabolic Therapy for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is myocardial dysfunction associated with diabetes that develops independently of major confounding cardiac diseases such as coronary artery disease or hypertension, and the diabetic heart displays metabolic disturbances accompanied by inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, cardiomyocyte injury, and progressive functional impairment.

Ceramide Metabolism Emerges as a Potential Target for Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD)

Ceramide metabolism emerges as a potential target for diabetic kidney disease (DKD)-Level CitationDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a progressive complication of diabetes in which renal steatosis, fibrosis, microvascular dysfunction, and declining kidney function remain incompletely connected mechanistically.

Adipokines: Therapeutic Targets for Metabolic Inflammation

Adipokines are bioactive factors released by adipose tissue, which acts not only as an energy-storage depot but also as an endocrine organ coordinating metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and inter-organ communication.

Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: a Malignancy Driven by Metabolic Dysregulation

Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC), conventionally defined as colorectal cancer diagnosed before age 50, has become a major research focus because its incidence has risen since the 1990s while late-onset colorectal cancer has declined in several high-income countries.

Regulation of Glycolipid Metabolism by Exosome-Like Nanoparticles

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) are membrane structures isolated from plants that encapsulate proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other active substances, while glucose and lipid metabolism supplies energy and materials required for physiological homeostasis.

The Link Between Neuroinflammation and Energy Metabolism

Neuroinflammation-energy metabolism coupling describes the reciprocal relationship between inflammatory activity in the central nervous system and the metabolic programs that supply and regulate immune-cell function.

Mitochondrial Uncoupling Therapy for Atherosclerosis

Mitochondrial uncoupling therapy for atherosclerosis seeks to induce controlled proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane to alter mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative metabolism, and reactive oxygen species generation in vascular and immune cells.

Therapeutic Targets for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) reframed fatty liver disease around metabolic dysfunction rather than exclusion of alcohol or other liver disorders.

Browning of White Adipose Tissue Ameliorates Metabolic Diseases

Browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), also called beiging, is the appearance or recruitment of inducible beige/brite adipocytes within WAT after thermogenic stimulation; these cells acquire brown-fat-like properties and increase energy dissipation as heat.

Obesity Therapy Based on the Thermogenic Effects of Adipose Tissue

Thermogenic adipose tissue therapy for obesity aims to increase energy expenditure by activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) or recruiting beige adipocytes within white adipose tissue.

Mechanisms and Metabolic Effects of Insulin Resistance

A state in which insulin-target tissues show reduced responsiveness to physiological insulin concentrations, disrupting glucose regulation in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue and forming a pivotal pathogenic component of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases.

Hepatokine Signaling and Aging-Related Metabolic Resilience

hepatokine signaling describes endocrine communication mediated by liver-derived factors that transmit information about hepatic nutrient and metabolic status to distant tissues.

Dietary Restriction Impacts Longevity and Metabolism

Dietary restriction, with calorie restriction (CR) as its best-studied form, reduces energy intake while preserving adequate nutrition and is widely used to probe the biology of aging.

Metabolic Clusters, CVD Risk, and Gut Microbiota

Metabolic clusters provide a framework for separating heterogeneous cardiometabolic phenotypes according to patterns of glucose, lipid, renal, metabolomic, and microbiome-related variables.

Bioactive Compounds, Microecology, and Metabolic Regulation

Intestinal microecology, and metabolic regulation form an interconnected system in which dietary molecules, gut microorganisms, microbial metabolites, and host signaling jointly influence physiological homeostasis.

TOFA, Energy Expenditure, Lipid Metabolism

TOFA, or 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid, is an inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), a rate-limiting enzyme in long-chain fatty acid synthesis that links lipid synthesis with cellular energy storage.

Osteoporosis as a Metabolic Bone Disease

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and is characterized by reduced bone strength, fragility fractures, and substantial morbidity, mortality, and personal and economic burden.

Obesity, CVD, and Residual Risk

Obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and residual risk form a connected cardiometabolic problem in which excess adiposity contributes to incident dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep disorders, atherosclerotic CVD, heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiovascular mortality.

Metabolic Factors and HCC Risk in Chronic Liver Disease

Metabolic factors and HCC risk in chronic liver disease describe the contribution of obesity, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver to hepatocellular carcinoma development across chronically injured livers; research has progressed from recognizing NAFLD as an obesity- and metabolic-syndrome-associated HCC risk state to quantifying its global burden and defining metabolic modifiers of advanced liver outcomes, with a 2016 meta-analysis estimating global NAFLD prevalence at 25.

Obesity Dyslipidemia: Mechanisms, Female Impact, Significance

Obesity-associated dyslipidemia is an atherogenic disturbance of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism linked to excessive adiposity, particularly dysfunctional or visceral adipose tissue.

Molecular Mechanisms and Metabolic Disorders in Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which glucose levels remain inappropriately elevated because pancreatic β-cell function, insulin action, or both are impaired.

Fatty Liver Disease, Metabolic Disorders, and Bone Density

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), historically studied as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a metabolic liver disorder characterized by hepatic fat accumulation and close links with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes; current work increasingly treats it as a multisystem disorder because skeletal complications can accompany liver disease.

Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Lipid Metabolism Dysfunction

an interconnected metabolic state in which excess adiposity, abnormal fatty-acid handling, ectopic lipid deposition, and reduced responsiveness of insulin-target tissues disrupt glucose and lipid homeostasis.

Hyperuricemia Exacerbating Pancreatic Steatosis: Mechanisms

Pancreatic steatosis, or fatty pancreas, refers to abnormal fat accumulation within the pancreas and has emerged as a metabolic phenotype associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes-related traits, and other ectopic-fat disorders.

Myocellular Mechanisms: Obesity, Atrophy, and T2DM

Myocellular mechanisms in obesity, skeletal muscle atrophy, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) describe the cellular processes through which chronic nutrient excess and impaired insulin action alter muscle metabolism, mass, and function.

Amylin and Obesity Treatment

Amylin, also called islet amyloid polypeptide, is a pancreatic β-cell hormone co-secreted with insulin in response to nutrient stimuli and is an important physiological regulator of metabolic control.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Future Therapeutic Frontiers

Recent Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine illustrate how fundamental discoveries can develop into technologies that reshape biomedical research and clinical practice.

AACR Annual Meeting 2026: From RAS(ON) Inhibition to Molecular Glue Degradation

The AACR Annual Meeting 2026 was held in San Diego, USA, from April 17 to 22.

Lunar Rhythms and Vertebrate Reproduction

Lunar rhythms in vertebrate reproduction are recurring reproductive events synchronized with moon-related environmental cycles, including monthly lunar, semilunar, and tidal periodicities.

Circadian Rhythm Networks Regulate Systemic Metabolic Homeostasis

Circadian rhythm networks form an endogenous timing system that organizes metabolism across the approximately 24-hour day.

Hypothalamic Rhythms and Endocrine Regulation of the Aging Process

Hypothalamic rhythms and endocrine regulation of aging describe how central hypothalamic timing, neuroendocrine output, inflammatory signaling, and inter-organ communication influence age-related physiological decline.

Incretin Reprogramming Mitochondrial Rhythm Energy Metabolism

Incretin reprogramming of mitochondrial rhythm and energy metabolism describes the emerging intersection between glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) signaling, circadian metabolic organization, and mitochondrial bioenergetics.

Rhythm-Sympathetic Regulation of the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Process

Rhythm-sympathetic regulation of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) can be framed as the interaction between intrinsic circadian timing in disc tissue and autonomic neuromodulatory signals that influence disc-cell behavior.

Diet and Gut Microbiota Rhythms Work Together to Regulate Host Health

Diet and gut microbiota rhythms form a bidirectional temporal system in which dietary composition and feeding schedules shape daily microbial oscillations, while rhythmic microbial activity feeds back onto host circadian clocks and metabolism.

Spatial Heterogeneity Regulation Mechanism of Plant Biological Clock

Plant circadian clocks are endogenous genetic timing systems that coordinate biological processes with day/night cycles, but current evidence shows that the plant clock is not a uniform oscillator operating identically throughout the organism.

Genetic-Circadian Interaction Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis in Obesity

Circadian regulation of metabolic homeostasis describes the genetic timekeeping network that aligns energy intake, substrate utilization, endocrine activity, and tissue metabolism with the approximately 24-hour environmental cycle.

Regulation of Cognitive Function by Cerebral Circadian Rhythms

Cerebral circadian rhythms are near-24-hour oscillations generated by the brain’s circadian timing system that shape arousal, learning, memory, emotion, and other cognitive functions across the day.

Imbalance of the Gut Clock Mediates Gastrointestinal Functional Impairment

Gut-clock imbalance refers to desynchronization of circadian timing across gastrointestinal physiology, intestinal epithelial clocks, microbial rhythms, and feeding-linked peripheral signals.

Circadian Clock Communication Regulates Organismal Homeostasis and Aging

Circadian clock communication describes the organism-wide coordination of cell-autonomous ~24-hour oscillators so that physiology remains aligned with environmental time.

Mechanisms of Interaction Between Circadian Rhythms and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neurological Disorders

Circadian regulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) describes time-of-day-dependent control of the interface separating circulating blood from the central nervous system, including changes in barrier permeability, transporter activity, and neurovascular-unit function.

Time-Based Biomaterials Regulate the Brain's Circadian Rhythm

Time-based biomaterials are drug-delivery materials designed to control therapeutic exposure according to biological time rather than providing uniform release.

Circadian Rhythm Regulation of the Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy

Circadian rhythm regulation of the tumor microenvironment describes the time-dependent control of tumor and immune biology by endogenous molecular clocks.

Regulatory Mechanisms of Clock Gene-Mediated Multisystem Diseases

Clock gene-mediated multisystem disease refers to pathological states in which disruption of endogenous circadian timing alters coordinated physiology across tissues through core molecular clocks.

Circadian Rhythms and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological oscillations that organize physiology and behavior across approximately 24 hours, while the mammalian circadian timing system includes a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and cellular clocks distributed throughout the brain and body.